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Existing benchmarks for frontier models often test specialized, "PhD-level" knowledge that is difficult for non-experts to grasp. In contrast, we present a benchmark with 613 problems based on the NPR Sunday Puzzle Challenge that requires…

Adaptive prompt and program search makes LLM evaluation selection-sensitive. Once benchmark items are reused inside tuning, the observed winner's score need not estimate the fresh-data performance of the full tune-then-deploy procedure. We…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-08 Yang Xu , Jiefu Zhang , Haixiang Sun , Zihan Zhou , Tianyu Cao , Vaneet Aggarwal

Our analysis of the NeurIPS 2023 large language model (LLM) fine-tuning competition revealed the following trend: top-performing models exhibit significant overfitting on benchmark datasets, mirroring the broader issue of benchmark…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable abilities to solve problems requiring multiple reasoning steps, yet the internal mechanisms enabling such capabilities remain elusive. Unlike existing surveys that primarily focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Liangming Pan , Jason Liang , Jiaran Ye , Minglai Yang , Xinyuan Lu , Fengbin Zhu

Although large language models (LLMs) have advanced the state-of-the-art in NLP significantly, deploying them for downstream applications is still challenging due to cost, responsiveness, control, or concerns around privacy and security. As…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Dong-Ho Lee , Jay Pujara , Mohit Sewak , Ryen W. White , Sujay Kumar Jauhar

The recent development of Large Language Models (LLMs) has been accompanied by an effervescence of novel ideas and methods to better optimize the loss of deep learning models. Claims from those methods are myriad: from faster convergence to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Andrei Semenov , Matteo Pagliardini , Martin Jaggi

We introduce seqBench, a parametrized benchmark for probing sequential reasoning limits in Large Language Models (LLMs) through precise, multi-dimensional control over several key complexity dimensions. seqBench allows systematic variation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Mohammad Ramezanali , Mo Vazifeh , Paolo Santi

LLM agents increasingly perform end-to-end ML engineering tasks where success is judged by a single scalar test metric. This creates a structural vulnerability: an agent can increase the reported score by compromising the evaluation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Yonas Atinafu , Robin Cohen

Test-time scaling has enabled Large Language Models (LLMs) with remarkable reasoning capabilities, particularly in mathematical domains, through intermediate chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning before generating final answers. However, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Binxin Gao , Jingjun Han

By virtue of its great utility in solving real-world problems, optimization modeling has been widely employed for optimal decision-making across various sectors, but it requires substantial expertise from operations research professionals.…

Despite the successes of language models, their evaluation remains a daunting challenge for new and existing tasks. We consider the task of text simplification, commonly used to improve information accessibility, where evaluation faces two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Joseph Liu , Yoonsoo Nam , Xinyue Cui , Swabha Swayamdipta

Considerable research efforts have been devoted to ensuring that large language models (LLMs) align with human values and generate safe text. However, an excessive focus on sensitivity to certain topics can compromise the model's robustness…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Huachuan Qiu , Shuai Zhang , Anqi Li , Hongliang He , Zhenzhong Lan

Recent breakthroughs in NLP research, such as the advent of Transformer models have indisputably contributed to major advancements in several tasks. However, few works research robustness and explainability issues of their evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-31 Maria Lymperaiou , George Manoliadis , Orfeas Menis Mastromichalakis , Edmund G. Dervakos , Giorgos Stamou

Worked examples are step-by-step solutions to problems in a specific domain, offered to students to acquire domain-specific problem-solving skills. The effectiveness of worked examples could be enhanced by combining them with…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Arun-Balajiee Lekshmi-Narayanan , Mohammad Hassany , Peter Brusilovsky

While many have shown how Large Language Models (LLMs) can be applied to a diverse set of tasks, the critical issues of data contamination and memorization are often glossed over. In this work, we address this concern for tabular data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Sebastian Bordt , Harsha Nori , Rich Caruana

Large language models (LLMs) are commonly evaluated on challenging benchmarks such as AIME and Math500, where benchmark contamination can make memorized solutions appear as genuine reasoning. Existing detection methods largely rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zirui He , Haiyan Zhao , Yingcong Li , Ali Payani , Mengnan du

The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has sparked enormous interest due to their potential application across a range of educational tasks. For example, recent work in programming education has used LLMs to generate learning…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-10 Charles Koutcheme , Nicola Dainese , Sami Sarsa , Juho Leinonen , Arto Hellas , Paul Denny

Despite the growing interest in jailbreak methods as an effective red-teaming tool for building safe and responsible large language models (LLMs), flawed evaluation system designs have led to significant discrepancies in their effectiveness…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Ruixuan Huang , Xunguang Wang , Zongjie Li , Daoyuan Wu , Shuai Wang

As language models become integral to critical workflows, assessing their behavior remains a fundamental challenge -- human evaluation is costly and noisy, while automated metrics provide only coarse, difficult-to-interpret signals. We…

Evaluation for many natural language understanding (NLU) tasks is broken: Unreliable and biased systems score so highly on standard benchmarks that there is little room for researchers who develop better systems to demonstrate their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Samuel R. Bowman , George E. Dahl