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The integration of tool use into large language models (LLMs) enables agentic systems with real-world impact. In the meantime, unlike standalone LLMs, compromised agents can execute malicious workflows with more consequential impact,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Jizhou Chen , Samuel Lee Cong

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into real-world applications, from virtual assistants to autonomous agents. However, their flexibility also introduces new attack vectors-particularly Prompt Injection (PI), where…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Mengxiao Wang , Yuxuan Zhang , Guofei Gu

Defenses against indirect prompt injection (IPI) in tool-using LLM agents share two structural weaknesses. First, they all attempt to prevent attacks rather than detect the compromises that slip through. Second, they have only been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Yassin H. Rassul , Tarik A. Rashid

When combining Large Language Models (LLMs) with autonomous agents, used in network monitoring and decision-making systems, this will create serious security issues. In this research, the MAESTRO framework consisting of the seven layers…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Pallavi Zambare , Venkata Nikhil Thanikella , Ying Liu

As AI systems gain increasing autonomy and execution capability, the number of discovered security vulnerabilities continues to rise. However, many of these vulnerabilities are not fundamentally novel, but instead reflect recurring classes…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Kevin Eykholt , Dhilung Kirat , Xiaokui Shu , Jiyong Jang , Frederico Araujo , Ian Molloy

Recent advances in AI agents capable of solving complex, everyday tasks, from scheduling to customer service, have enabled deployment in real-world settings, but their possibilities for unsafe behavior demands rigorous evaluation. While…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Sanidhya Vijayvargiya , Aditya Bharat Soni , Xuhui Zhou , Zora Zhiruo Wang , Nouha Dziri , Graham Neubig , Maarten Sap

LLM Agents are becoming central to intelligent systems. However, their deployment raises serious safety concerns. Existing defenses largely rely on "Safety Checks", which struggle to capture the complex semantic risks posed by harmful user…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Shiyu Xiang , Tong Zhang , Ronghao Chen

Modern AI assistants are agentic. To answer a single user request, the underlying language model pulls in information from many sources, such as web searches, retrieved documents, tool outputs, and user follow-ups, and reasons over them…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Yash Narendra

Agentic systems based on large language models (LLMs) operate not merely as text generators but as autonomous entities that dynamically retrieve information and invoke tools. This execution model shifts the attack surface from traditional…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Xiaochong Jiang , Shiqi Yang , Wenting Yang , Yichen Liu , Cheng Ji

Recent research has explored that LLM agents are vulnerable to indirect prompt injection (IPI) attacks, where malicious tasks embedded in tool-retrieved information can redirect the agent to take unauthorized actions. Existing defenses…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Kaijie Zhu , Xianjun Yang , Jindong Wang , Wenbo Guo , William Yang Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have evolved into AI agents that interact with external tools and environments to perform complex tasks. The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has become the de facto standard for connecting agents with such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Christoph Bühler , Matteo Biagiola , Luca Di Grazia , Guido Salvaneschi

Safe deployment of Large Language Model (LLM) agents in autonomous settings requires reliable oversight mechanisms. A central challenge is detecting scheming, where agents covertly pursue misaligned goals. One approach to mitigating such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Simon Storf , Rich Barton-Cooper , James Peters-Gill , Marius Hobbhahn

Large Language Model (LLM) providers expose fine-tuning APIs that let end users fine-tune their frontier LLMs. Unfortunately, it has been shown that an adversary with fine-tuning access to an LLM can bypass safeguards. Particularly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Sarah Egler , John Schulman , Nicholas Carlini

This paper proposes a novel architectural framework aimed at enhancing security and reliability in multi-agent systems (MAS). A central component of this framework is a network of Sentinel Agents, functioning as a distributed security layer…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Diego Gosmar , Deborah A. Dahl

We introduce AgenticSimLaw, a role-structured, multi-agent debate framework that provides transparent and controllable test-time reasoning for high-stakes tabular decision-making tasks. Unlike black-box approaches, our courtroom-style…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Jon Chun , Kathrine Elkins , Yong Suk Lee

Agentic AI systems, possessing capabilities for autonomous planning and action, show great potential across diverse domains. However, their practical deployment is hindered by challenges in aligning their behavior with varied human values,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Nell Watson , Ahmed Amer , Evan Harris , Preeti Ravindra , Shujun Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as agents in various contexts by providing tools at their disposal. However, LLM agents can exhibit unpredictable behaviors, including taking undesirable and/or unsafe actions. In order…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Ilija Lichkovski , Alexander Müller , Mariam Ibrahim , Tiwai Mhundwa

LLM-integrated applications and agents are vulnerable to prompt injection attacks, where adversaries embed malicious instructions within seemingly benign input data to manipulate the LLM's intended behavior. Recent defenses based on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Sarthak Choudhary , Divyam Anshumaan , Nils Palumbo , Somesh Jha

Large language models (LLMs) deployed behind APIs and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) stacks are vulnerable to prompt injection attacks that may override system policies, subvert intended behavior, and induce unsafe outputs. Existing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Md Takrim Ul Alam , Akif Islam , Mohd Ruhul Ameen , Abu Saleh Musa Miah , Jungpil Shin

As AI agents automate critical workloads, they remain vulnerable to indirect prompt injection (IPI) attacks. Current defenses rely on monitoring protocols that jointly evaluate an agent's Chain-of-Thought (CoT) and tool-use actions to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Jafar Isbarov , Murat Kantarcioglu
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