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System prompts are critical for guiding the behavior of Large Language Models (LLMs), yet they often contain proprietary logic or sensitive information, making them a prime target for extraction attacks. Adversarial queries can successfully…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Huseein Jawad , Nicolas Brunel

The rising use of Large Language Models (LLMs) to create and disseminate malware poses a significant cybersecurity challenge due to their ability to generate and distribute attacks with ease. A single prompt can initiate a wide array of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Jamal Al-Karaki , Muhammad Al-Zafar Khan , Marwan Omar

Defending large language models (LLMs) against jailbreak attacks is crucial for ensuring their safe deployment. Existing defense strategies typically rely on predefined static criteria to differentiate between harmful and benign prompts.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Rui Pu , Chaozhuo Li , Rui Ha , Litian Zhang , Lirong Qiu , Xi Zhang

The critical challenge of prompt injection attacks in Large Language Models (LLMs) integrated applications, a growing concern in the Artificial Intelligence (AI) field. Such attacks, which manipulate LLMs through natural language inputs,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Xuchen Suo

Tool-augmented Large Language Model (LLM) agents have demonstrated impressive capabilities in automating complex, multi-step real-world tasks, yet remain vulnerable to indirect prompt injection. Adversaries exploit this weakness by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Wei Zhao , Zhe Li , Peixin Zhang , Jun Sun

Prompt injection attacks pose a pervasive threat to the security of Large Language Models (LLMs). State-of-the-art prevention-based defenses typically rely on fine-tuning an LLM to enhance its security, but they achieve limited…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Yupei Liu , Yanting Wang , Yuqi Jia , Jinyuan Jia , Neil Zhenqiang Gong

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as Gemma-2B have shown strong performance in various natural language processing tasks. However, general-purpose models often lack the domain expertise required for cybersecurity applications. This work…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Vasanth Iyer , Leonardo Bobadilla , S. S. Iyengar

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in vision-language tasks. However, these models often infer and reveal sensitive biometric attributes such as race, gender, age, body weight, and eye color;…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Younggun Kim , Sirnam Swetha , Fazil Kagdi , Mubarak Shah

The rise of Large Language Models has created a general excitement about the great potential for a myriad of applications. While LLMs offer many possibilities, questions about safety, privacy, and ethics have emerged, and all the key actors…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are being increasingly integrated into software systems, offering powerful capabilities but also raising concerns about fairness. Existing fairness benchmarks, however, focus on stereotype-specific associations,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Gianmario Voria , Martina De Lucia , Alessandra Raia , Andrea De Lucia , Gemma Catolino , Fabio Palomba

Large language models (LLMs) have transformed the development of embodied intelligence. By providing a few contextual demonstrations, developers can utilize the extensive internal knowledge of LLMs to effortlessly translate complex tasks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Aishan Liu , Yuguang Zhou , Xianglong Liu , Tianyuan Zhang , Siyuan Liang , Jiakai Wang , Yanjun Pu , Tianlin Li , Junqi Zhang , Wenbo Zhou , Qing Guo , Dacheng Tao

Federated Learning (FL) offers a decentralized framework for training and fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) by leveraging computational resources across organizations while keeping sensitive data on local devices. It addresses…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Md Jueal Mia , M. Hadi Amini

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly vulnerable to a sophisticated form of adversarial prompting known as camouflaged jailbreaking. This method embeds malicious intent within seemingly benign language to evade existing safety…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Youjia Zheng , Mohammad Zandsalimy , Shanu Sushmita

Powerful autonomous systems, which reason, plan, and converse using and between numerous tools and agents, are made possible by Large Language Models (LLMs), Vision-Language Models (VLMs), and new agentic AI systems, like LangChain and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Toqeer Ali Syed , Mishal Ateeq Almutairi , Mahmoud Abdel Moaty

Both model developers and policymakers seek to quantify and mitigate the risk of rapidly-evolving frontier artificial intelligence (AI) models, especially large language models (LLMs), to facilitate bioterrorism or access to biological…

The rise of Large Language Model (LLM) agents, augmented with tool use, skills, and external knowledge, has introduced new security risks. Among them, prompt injection attacks, where adversaries embed malicious instructions into the agent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Shihao Weng , Yang Feng , Jinrui Zhang , Xiaofei Xie , Jiongchi Yu , Jia Liu

Large Language models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for addressing challenges across diverse domains. Notably, recent studies have demonstrated that large language models significantly enhance the efficiency of biomolecular analysis…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Jiyue Jiang , Zikang Wang , Yuheng Shan , Heyan Chai , Jiayi Li , Zixian Ma , Xinrui Zhang , Yu Li

The recent advancements in Large Language Models(LLMs) have had a significant impact on a wide range of fields, from general domains to specialized areas. However, these advancements have also significantly increased the potential for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Taegyeong Lee , Jeonghwa Yoo , Hyoungseo Cho , Soo Yong Kim , Yunho Maeng

The recent progression of Large Language Models (LLMs) has witnessed great success in the fields of data-centric applications. LLMs trained on massive textual datasets showed ability to encode not only context but also ability to provide…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Mohammed Hassanin , Nour Moustafa

In this study, we propose a homotopy-inspired prompt obfuscation framework to enhance understanding of security and safety vulnerabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs). By systematically applying carefully engineered prompts, we…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Luis Lazo , Hamed Jelodar , Roozbeh Razavi-Far
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