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This survey paper delves into the emerging and critical area of symbolic knowledge distillation in Large Language Models (LLMs). As LLMs like Generative Pre-trained Transformer-3 (GPT-3) and Bidirectional Encoder Representations from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Kamal Acharya , Alvaro Velasquez , Houbing Herbert Song

Although large language models (LLMs) excel in knowledge recall and reasoning, their static nature leads to outdated information as the real world evolves or when adapting to domain-specific knowledge, highlighting the need for effective…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Ruoxi Xu , Yunjie Ji , Boxi Cao , Yaojie Lu , Hongyu Lin , Xianpei Han , Ben He , Yingfei Sun , Xiangang Li , Le Sun

Accurate clinical diagnosis requires extensive domain knowledge and complex clinical reasoning capabilities. Although large language models (LLMs) hold great potential for clinical reasoning, their high computational and memory requirements…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xinchun Su , Chunxu Luo , Lipeng Ma , Yixuan Li , Weidong Yang

Originally proposed as a method for knowledge transfer from one model to another, some recent studies have suggested that knowledge distillation (KD) is in fact a form of regularization. Perhaps the strongest argument of all for this new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Md Arafat Sultan

Recent research on knowledge distillation has increasingly focused on logit distillation because of its simplicity, effectiveness, and versatility in model compression. In this paper, we introduce Refined Logit Distillation (RLD) to address…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Wujie Sun , Defang Chen , Siwei Lyu , Genlang Chen , Chun Chen , Can Wang

Enhancing small language models for real-life application deployment is a significant challenge facing the research community. Due to the difficulties and costs of using large language models, researchers are seeking ways to effectively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Mohamad Ballout , Ulf Krumnack , Gunther Heidemann , Kai-Uwe Kühnberger

Recent advances in Entity Resolution (ER) have leveraged Large Language Models (LLMs), achieving strong performance but at the cost of substantial computational resources or high financial overhead. Existing LLM-based ER approaches operate…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Alexandros Zeakis , George Papadakis , Dimitrios Skoutas , Manolis Koubarakis

Sequential recommender systems have achieved significant success in modeling temporal user behavior but remain limited in capturing rich user semantics beyond interaction patterns. Large Language Models (LLMs) present opportunities to…

Post-training of language models (LMs) increasingly relies on the following two stages: (i) knowledge distillation, where the LM is trained to imitate a larger teacher LM, and (ii) reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Daniil Tiapkin , Daniele Calandriello , Johan Ferret , Sarah Perrin , Nino Vieillard , Alexandre Ramé , Mathieu Blondel

Finding the most relevant person for a job proposal in real time is challenging, especially when resumes are long, structured, and multilingual. In this paper, we propose a re-ranking model based on a new generation of late cross-attention…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Warren Jouanneau , Emma Jouffroy , Marc Palyart

Knowledge distillation is a common paradigm for transferring capabilities from larger models to smaller ones. While traditional distillation methods leverage a probabilistic divergence over the output of the teacher and student models,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Prajjwal Bhattarai , Mohammad Amjad , Dmytro Zhylko , Tuka Alhanai

The push to compress and impart the proficiency of Large Language Models (LLMs) into more deployable and efficient Small Language Models (SLMs) has benefited from improvements in knowledge distillation (KD) techniques. These techniques…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Shreyansh Padarha

Large pre-trained language models often struggle to incorporate new domain-specific terminology when fine-tuned on small, specialized corpora. In this work, we address the challenge of vocabulary expansion in frozen LLMs by introducing a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Max Rehman Linder

Continual learning refers to a dynamical framework in which a model receives a stream of non-stationary data over time and must adapt to new data while preserving previously acquired knowledge. Unluckily, neural networks fail to meet these…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-24 Umberto Cappellazzo , Daniele Falavigna , Alessio Brutti

Recent recommender systems have started to employ knowledge distillation, which is a model compression technique distilling knowledge from a cumbersome model (teacher) to a compact model (student), to reduce inference latency while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-09 SeongKu Kang , Junyoung Hwang , Wonbin Kweon , Hwanjo Yu

Knowledge distillation addresses the problem of transferring knowledge from a teacher model to a student model. In this process, we typically have multiple types of knowledge extracted from the teacher model. The problem is to make full use…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-02 Chenglong Wang , Yi Lu , Yongyu Mu , Yimin Hu , Tong Xiao , Jingbo Zhu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across a wide range of natural language processing tasks. However, their enormous parameter size and extremely high requirements for compute power pose challenges for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Bohao Yang , Chen Tang , Kun Zhao , Chenghao Xiao , Chenghua Lin

Low-rank approximation techniques have become the de facto standard for fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) due to their reduced computational and memory requirements. This paper investigates the effectiveness of these methods in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Saswat Das , Marco Romanelli , Cuong Tran , Zarreen Reza , Bhavya Kailkhura , Ferdinando Fioretto

Knowledge distillation is a popular technique for training a small student network to emulate a larger teacher model, such as an ensemble of networks. We show that while knowledge distillation can improve student generalization, it does not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Samuel Stanton , Pavel Izmailov , Polina Kirichenko , Alexander A. Alemi , Andrew Gordon Wilson

The scarcity of large parallel corpora is an important obstacle for neural machine translation. A common solution is to exploit the knowledge of language models (LM) trained on abundant monolingual data. In this work, we propose a novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Christos Baziotis , Barry Haddow , Alexandra Birch