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Distribution shift in medical imaging remains a central bottleneck for the clinical translation of medical AI. Failure to address it can lead to severe performance degradation in unseen environments and exacerbate health inequities.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Yizhou Fang , Pujin Cheng , Yixiang Liu , Xiaoying Tang , Longxi Zhou

Feature attribution analysis is critical for interpreting machine learning models and supporting reliable data-driven decisions. However, feature attribution measures often exhibit stochastic variation: different train--test splits, random…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-15 Lanxin Xiang , Liang Shi , Youhui Ye , Boyu Jiang , Dawei Zhou , Feng Guo

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) suffers from plasticity loss severely due to the nature of non-stationarity, which impairs the ability to adapt to new data and learn continually. Unfortunately, our understanding of how plasticity loss…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Zihao Wu , Hongyao Tang , Yi Ma , Jiashun Liu , Yan Zheng , Jianye Hao

Scale independence is a ubiquitous feature of complex systems which implies a highly skewed distribution of resources with no characteristic scale. Research has long focused on why systems as varied as protein networks, evolution and stock…

Physics and Society · Physics 2016-02-08 Laurent Hébert-Dufresne , Antoine Allard , Jean-Gabriel Young , Louis J. Dubé

This paper considers decentralized minimization of $N:=nm$ smooth non-convex cost functions equally divided over a directed network of $n$ nodes. Specifically, we describe a stochastic first-order gradient method, called GT-SARAH, that…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-09-21 Ran Xin , Usman A. Khan , Soummya Kar

Under stringent model type and variable distribution assumptions, differentiable score-based causal discovery methods learn a directed acyclic graph (DAG) from observational data by evaluating candidate graphs over an average score…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-07 An Zhang , Fangfu Liu , Wenchang Ma , Zhibo Cai , Xiang Wang , Tat-seng Chua

Machine learning models trained with \emph{stochastic} gradient descent (SGD) can generalize better than those trained with deterministic gradient descent (GD). In this work, we study SGD's impact on generalization through the lens of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Hongjian Lan , Yucong Liu , Florian Schäfer

We study distributed stochastic gradient (D-SG) method and its accelerated variant (D-ASG) for solving decentralized strongly convex stochastic optimization problems where the objective function is distributed over several computational…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-10-05 Alireza Fallah , Mert Gurbuzbalaban , Asuman Ozdaglar , Umut Simsekli , Lingjiong Zhu

The Backprop algorithm for learning in neural networks utilizes two mechanisms: first, stochastic gradient descent and second, initialization with small random weights, where the latter is essential to the effectiveness of the former. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-06 Shibhansh Dohare , Richard S. Sutton , A. Rupam Mahmood

We consider the problem of scalable sampling algorithms to fit Bayesian generalized linear mixed models on large datasets. Stochastic gradient Langevin dynamics, coupled with smooth re-parameterizations of variance parameters, produces…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-30 Youngsoo Baek , Samuel I. Berchuck

Conditional stochastic optimization covers a variety of applications ranging from invariant learning and causal inference to meta-learning. However, constructing unbiased gradient estimators for such problems is challenging due to the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-06-04 Yifan Hu , Siqi Zhang , Xin Chen , Niao He

Differential Privacy (DP) mechanisms, especially in high-dimensional settings, often face the challenge of maintaining privacy without compromising the data utility. This work introduces an innovative shuffling mechanism in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Jungang Yang , Zhe Ji , Liyao Xiang

Gradient methods are widely used in optimization problems. In practice, while the smoothness parameter can be estimated utilizing techniques such as backtracking, estimating the strong convexity parameter remains a challenge; moreover, even…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-17 Xiaozhe Hu , Sara Pollock , Zhongqin Xue , Yunrong Zhu

The power system, a fundamental public utility, is increasingly important due to growing global electricity demand. Recent large-scale blackouts (e.g., Iberian Peninsula, UK) have raised concerns about transient stability under impact…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2026-05-19 Sixu Wu , Chenmin Zhang , Aiqing Zhu , Yang Liu , Jianxi Lin , Yifa Tang

A significant obstacle in the development of robust machine learning models is covariate shift, a form of distribution shift that occurs when the input distributions of the training and test sets differ while the conditional label…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-17 Nilesh Tripuraneni , Ben Adlam , Jeffrey Pennington

Data augmentation (DA) methods tailored to specific domains generate synthetic samples by applying transformations that are appropriate for the characteristics of the underlying data domain, such as rotations on images and time warping on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Ilya Kaufman , Omri Azencot

Machine learning systems often acquire biases by leveraging undesired features in the data, impacting accuracy variably across different sub-populations. Current understanding of bias formation mostly focuses on the initial and final stages…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Anchit Jain , Rozhin Nobahari , Aristide Baratin , Stefano Sarao Mannelli

The generalization ability of machine learning models degrades significantly when the test distribution shifts away from the training distribution. We investigate the problem of training models that are robust to shifts caused by changes in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Jiaheng Wei , Harikrishna Narasimhan , Ehsan Amid , Wen-Sheng Chu , Yang Liu , Abhishek Kumar

Note that a newer expanded version of this paper is now available at: arXiv:1802.03888 It is critical in many applications to understand what features are important for a model, and why individual predictions were made. For tree ensemble…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-02-20 Scott M. Lundberg , Su-In Lee

This paper studies stable learning methods for generative models that enable high-quality data generation. Noise injection is commonly used to stabilize learning. However, selecting a suitable noise distribution is challenging.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-10-29 Yoshitaka Koike , Takumi Nakagawa , Hiroki Waida , Takafumi Kanamori