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We give a novel logical characterization of encoder-decoder transformers, the foundational architecture for LLMs that also sees use in various settings that benefit from cross-attention. We study such transformers over text in the practical…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Veeti Ahvonen , Damian Heiman , Antti Kuusisto , Miguel Moreno , Matias Selin

Variational autoencoders have been widely applied for natural language generation, however, there are two long-standing problems: information under-representation and posterior collapse. The former arises from the fact that only the last…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Xianghong Fang , Haoli Bai , Zenglin Xu , Michael Lyu , Irwin King

We study how a one-layer attention-only transformer develops relevant structures while learning to sort lists of numbers. At the end of training, the model organizes its attention heads in two main modes that we refer to as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Einar Urdshals , Jasmina Urdshals

Continual learning involves learning from a stream of data without repetition of data points, a scenario that is inherently complex due to distributional shift across tasks. We propose a query-only attention mechanism that discards keys and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Gautham Bekal , Ashish Pujari , Scott David Kelly

Federated learning is a promising paradigm that allows multiple clients to collaboratively train a model without sharing the local data. However, the presence of heterogeneous devices in federated learning, such as mobile phones and IoT…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Kai Zhang , Yutong Dai , Hongyi Wang , Eric Xing , Xun Chen , Lichao Sun

Autoregressive Transformer KV caches grow linearly with context length; sliding-window caching bounds memory but discards evicted tokens entirely, so relevant evidence outside the window becomes inaccessible. We introduce \emph{Tensor…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Kabir Swain , Sijie Han , Daniel Karl I. Weidele , Mauro Martino , Antonio Torralba

Transformer-based models have emerged as one of the most widely used architectures for natural language processing, natural language generation, and image generation. The size of the state-of-the-art models has increased steadily reaching…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Rya Sanovar , Srikant Bharadwaj , Renee St. Amant , Victor Rühle , Saravan Rajmohan

Decoder-only language models (LMs) have been successfully adopted for speech-processing tasks including automatic speech recognition (ASR). The LMs have ample expressiveness and perform efficiently. This efficiency is a suitable…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-02 Emiru Tsunoo , Hayato Futami , Yosuke Kashiwagi , Siddhant Arora , Shinji Watanabe

Large language models (LLMs) have recently shown remarkable performance across a wide range of tasks. However, the substantial number of parameters in LLMs contributes to significant latency during model inference. This is particularly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Pengfei Wu , Jiahao Liu , Zhuocheng Gong , Qifan Wang , Jinpeng Li , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai , Dongyan Zhao

Transformers are increasingly dominating multi-modal reasoning tasks, such as visual question answering, achieving state-of-the-art results thanks to their ability to contextualize information using the self-attention and co-attention…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Hila Chefer , Shir Gur , Lior Wolf

This paper introduces the Large Memory Model (LM2), a decoder-only Transformer architecture enhanced with an auxiliary memory module that aims to address the limitations of standard Transformers in multi-step reasoning, relational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Jikun Kang , Wenqi Wu , Filippos Christianos , Alex J. Chan , Fraser Greenlee , George Thomas , Marvin Purtorab , Andy Toulis

We investigate the integration of a planning mechanism into an encoder-decoder architecture with an explicit alignment for character-level machine translation. We develop a model that plans ahead when it computes alignments between the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-06-26 Caglar Gulcehre , Francis Dutil , Adam Trischler , Yoshua Bengio

While Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate exceptional performance in surface-level text generation, their nature in handling complex multi-step reasoning tasks often remains one of ``statistical fitting'' rather than systematic logical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Lianlei Shan , Han Chen , Yixuan Wang , Zhenjie Liu , Wei Li

The quadratic cost of attention in transformers motivated the development of efficient approaches: namely sparse and sliding window attention, convolutions and linear attention. Although these approaches result in impressive reductions in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Jatin Prakash , Aahlad Puli , Rajesh Ranganath

We propose a modular architecture of language-specific encoder-decoders that constitutes a multilingual machine translation system that can be incrementally extended to new languages without the need for retraining the existing system when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-03 Carlos Escolano , Marta R. Costa-jussà , José A. R. Fonollosa , Mikel Artetxe

Transformer-based acoustic modeling has achieved great suc-cess for both hybrid and sequence-to-sequence speech recogni-tion. However, it requires access to the full sequence, and thecomputational cost grows quadratically with respect to…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-19 Chunyang Wu , Yongqiang Wang , Yangyang Shi , Ching-Feng Yeh , Frank Zhang

Attention-based recurrent neural encoder-decoder models present an elegant solution to the automatic speech recognition problem. This approach folds the acoustic model, pronunciation model, and language model into a single network and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-11-08 Shubham Toshniwal , Anjuli Kannan , Chung-Cheng Chiu , Yonghui Wu , Tara N Sainath , Karen Livescu

Despite the popularity of transformers in practice, their architectures are empirically designed and neither mathematically justified nor interpretable. Moreover, as indicated by many empirical studies, some components of transformer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Peng Wang , Yifu Lu , Yaodong Yu , Druv Pai , Qing Qu , Yi Ma

Transformer architecture has shown impressive performance in multiple research domains and has become the backbone of many neural network models. However, there is limited understanding on how it works. In particular, with a simple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Yuandong Tian , Yiping Wang , Beidi Chen , Simon Du

We investigate whether the Feed-Forward Network (FFN) sublayer in a decoder-only transformer can be replaced by an explicit learned memory graph while preserving the surrounding autoregressive architecture. The proposed Graph Memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Nicola Zanarini , Niccolò Ferrari , Evelina Lamma