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Related papers: Latent Semantic Manifolds in Large Language Models

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Understanding the latent space geometry of large language models (LLMs) is key to interpreting their behavior and improving alignment. Yet it remains unclear to what extent LLMs linearly organize representations related to semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Baturay Saglam , Paul Kassianik , Blaine Nelson , Sajana Weerawardhena , Yaron Singer , Amin Karbasi

The geometric evolution of token representations in large language models (LLMs) presents a fundamental paradox: while human language inherently organizes semantic information in low-dimensional spaces ($\sim 10^1$ dimensions), modern LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Zhuo-Yang Song , Zeyu Li , Qing-Hong Cao , Ming-xing Luo , Hua Xing Zhu

Large language models (LLMs) achieve state-of-the-art results across many natural language tasks, but their internal mechanisms remain difficult to interpret. In this work, we extract, process, and visualize latent state geometries in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Alex Ning , Vainateya Rangaraju , Yen-Ling Kuo

Large Language Models (LLMs) show strong generalization across diverse tasks, yet the internal decision-making processes behind their predictions remain opaque. In this work, we study the geometry of hidden representations in LLMs through…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Abhinav Joshi , Divyanshu Bhatt , Ashutosh Modi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities, yet their scalability raises a critical question: Have we reached the scaling ceiling? This paper addresses this pivotal question by developing a unified theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Charles Luo

Large language models (LLMs) contain substantial factual knowledge which is commonly elicited by multiple-choice question-answering prompts. Internally, such models process the prompt through multiple transformer layers, building varying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Didier Chételat , Joseph Cotnareanu , Rylee Thompson , Yingxue Zhang , Mark Coates

Large language models have achieved remarkable success in general language understanding tasks. However, as a family of generative methods with the objective of next token prediction, the semantic evolution with the depth of these models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Zhu Liu , Cunliang Kong , Ying Liu , Maosong Sun

This work investigates how large language models (LLMs) internally represent emotion by analyzing the geometry of their hidden-state space. The paper identifies a low-dimensional emotional manifold and shows that emotional representations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Benjamin Reichman , Adar Avsian , Larry Heck

We explore the topology of representation manifolds arising in autoregressive neural language models trained on raw text data. In order to study their properties, we introduce tools from computational algebraic topology, which we use as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Stephen Fitz , Peter Romero , Jiyan Jonas Schneider

Large Language Models (LLMs) drive current AI breakthroughs despite very little being known about their internal representations. In this work, we propose to shed the light on LLMs inner mechanisms through the lens of geometry. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Randall Balestriero , Romain Cosentino , Sarath Shekkizhar

Despite significant progress in transformer interpretability, an understanding of the computational mechanisms of large language models (LLMs) remains a fundamental challenge. Many approaches interpret a network's hidden representations but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 James R. Golden

Understanding how Large Language Models (LLMs) perform complex reasoning and their failure mechanisms is a challenge in interpretability research. To provide a measurable geometric analysis perspective, we define the concept of the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Bo Li , Guanzhi Deng , Ronghao Chen , Junrong Yue , Shuo Zhang , Qinghua Zhao , Linqi Song , Lijie Wen

Large language models (LLMs) generalize smoothly across continuous semantic spaces, yet strict logical reasoning demands the formation of discrete decision boundaries. Prevailing theories relying on linear isometric projections fail to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Long Zhang , Dai-jun Lin , Wei-neng Chen

Large language models (LLMs) are demonstrably capable of cross-lingual transfer, but can produce inconsistent output when prompted with the same queries written in different languages. To understand how language models are able to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zheng Wei Lim , Alham Fikri Aji , Trevor Cohn

We investigate the geometry of predictive information across the layers of large language models (LLMs). We repurpose representation lenses-learned affine maps trained to predict the next token from intermediate residual streams-as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Gianfranco Lombardo , Giuseppe Trimigno , Stefano Cagnoni

Large Language Models (LLMs) often produce fluent yet factually incorrect statements-a phenomenon known as hallucination-posing serious risks in high-stakes domains. We present Layer-wise Semantic Dynamics (LSD), a geometric framework for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Amir Hameed Mir

Large Language Models (LLMs) apply uniform computation to all tokens, despite language exhibiting highly non-uniform information density. This token-uniform regime wastes capacity on locally predictable spans while under-allocating…

We investigate the structure of Large Language Model (LLM) embedding spaces using mathematical concepts, particularly linear algebra and the Hamiltonian formalism, drawing inspiration from analogies with quantum mechanical systems.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Timo Aukusti Laine

A language model (LM) is a mapping from a linguistic context to an output token. However, much remains to be known about this mapping, including how its geometric properties relate to its function. We take a high-level geometric approach to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Emily Cheng , Diego Doimo , Corentin Kervadec , Iuri Macocco , Jade Yu , Alessandro Laio , Marco Baroni

While Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in reasoning, whether they can sustain persistent latent states remains under-explored. The capacity to maintain and manipulate unexpressed, internal representations-analogous to human working…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Jen-tse Huang , Kaiser Sun , Wenxuan Wang , Mark Dredze
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