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Alchemical binding free energy (BFE) calculations offer an efficient and thermodynamically rigorous approach to in silico binding affinity predictions. As a result of decades of methodological improvements and recent advances in computer…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2021-07-13 Pengfei Li , Zhijie Li , Yu Wang , Huaixia Dou , Brian K. Radak , Woody Sherman , Huafeng Xu

Absolute Binding Free Energy (ABFE) methods are among the most accurate computational techniques for predicting protein-ligand binding affinities, but their utility is limited by the need for many simulations of alchemically modified…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2026-03-18 Michael Brocidiacono , Brandon Novy , Rishabh Dey , Konstantin I. Popov , Alexander Tropsha

Accurate prediction of protein-ligand binding affinities is crucial in drug discovery, particularly during hit-to-lead and lead optimization phases, however, limitations in ligand force fields continue to impact prediction accuracy. In this…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2025-04-04 Francesc Sabanés Zariquiey , Stephen E. Farr , Stefan Doerr , Gianni De Fabritiis

Free energy perturbation (FEP) is considered the gold-standard simulation method for estimating small molecule binding affinity, a quantity of vital importance to drug discovery. The accuracy of FEP critically depends on an accurate model…

Relative Binding Free Energy (RBFE) calculations are a cornerstone of rational hit-to-lead and lead optimization in modern drug discovery. However, the high computational cost and limited reliability in tackling large or complex molecular…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2026-05-13 Narjes Ansari , Félix Aviat , Jérôme Hénin , Jean-Philip Piquemal , Louis Lagardère

Protein-ligand binding affinity prediction is essential for drug discovery and toxicity assessment. While machine learning (ML) promises fast and accurate predictions, its progress is constrained by the availability of reliable data. In…

Accurately predicting protein-ligand binding free energies (BFEs) remains a central challenge in drug discovery, particularly because the most reliable methods, such as free energy perturbation (FEP), are computationally intensive and…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2025-12-09 Farzad Molani , Art E. Cho

This letter gives results on improving protein-ligand binding affinity predictions based on molecular dynamics simulations using machine learning potentials with a hybrid neural network potential and molecular mechanics methodology…

The Alchemical Transfer Method (ATM) is herein validated against the relative binding free energies of a diverse set of protein-ligand complexes. We employed a streamlined setup workflow, a bespoke force field, and the AToM-OpenMM software…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2023-08-21 Lieyang Chen , Yujie Wu , Chuanjie Wu , Ana Silveira , Woody Sherman , Huafeng Xu , Emilio Gallicchio

Predicting the binding affinity between small molecules and target macromolecules while combining both speed and accuracy, is a cornerstone of modern computational drug discovery which is critical for accelerating therapeutic development.…

AlphaFold 3 (AF3), the latest version of protein structure prediction software, goes beyond its predecessors by predicting protein-protein complexes. It could revolutionize drug discovery and protein engineering, marking a major step…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-06-07 JunJie Wee , Guo-Wei Wei

Protein-ligand binding prediction is a fundamental problem in AI-driven drug discovery. Prior work focused on supervised learning methods using a large set of binding affinity data for small molecules, but it is hard to apply the same…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-12-14 Wengong Jin , Siranush Sarkizova , Xun Chen , Nir Hacohen , Caroline Uhler

Advancements in AI for science unlocks capabilities for critical drug discovery tasks such as protein-ligand binding affinity prediction. However, current models overfit to existing oversimplified datasets that does not represent naturally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Ming-Hsiu Wu , Ziqian Xie , Shuiwang Ji , Degui Zhi

The primary objective of most lead optimization campaigns is to enhance the binding affinity of ligands. For large molecules such as antibodies, identifying mutations that enhance antibody affinity is particularly challenging due to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Alexandra Gessner , Sebastian W. Ober , Owen Vickery , Dino Oglić , Talip Uçar

The massively parallel computation of absolute binding free energy with a well-equilibrated system (MP-CAFEE) has been developed [H. Fujitani, Y. Tanida, M. Ito, G. Jayachandran, C. D. Snow, M. R. Shirts, E. J. Sorin, and V. S. Pande, J.…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2009-11-13 Yoshiaki Tanida , Masakatsu Ito , Hideaki Fujitani

The prediction of protein 3D structure from amino acid sequence is a computational grand challenge in biophysics, and plays a key role in robust protein structure prediction algorithms, from drug discovery to genome interpretation. The…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-07-03 Hyun Park , Parth Patel , Roland Haas , E. A. Huerta

Accurate absolute binding free energy (ABFE) calculations can reduce the time and cost of identifying drug candidates from a diverse pool of molecules that may have been overlooked experimentally. These calculations typically employ…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2025-09-29 Steven Ayoub , Michael Barton , David A. Case , Tyler Luchko

We introduce the self-Relative Binding Free Energy (self-RBFE) approach to evaluate the intrinsic statistical variance of dual-topology alchemical binding free energy estimators. The self-RBFE is the relative binding free energy between a…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2023-11-14 Sheenam Khuttan , Emilio Gallicchio

Decision-making under uncertainty in energy management is complicated by unknown parameters hindering optimal strategies, particularly in Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) operations. Predict-Then-Optimise (PTO) approaches treat…

We present an extension of Alchemical Transfer Method (ATM) for the estimation of relative binding free energies of molecular complexes applicable to conventional as well as scaffold-hopping alchemical transformations. The method, named…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2021-07-13 Solmaz Azimi , Sheenam Khuttan , Joe Z. Wu , Rajat K. Pal , Emilio Gallicchio
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