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Gated Linear Units (GLUs) have become essential components in the feed-forward networks of state-of-the-art Large Language Models (LLMs). However, they require twice as many memory reads compared to feed-forward layers without gating, due…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Yukito Tajima , Nakamasa Inoue , Yusuke Sekikawa , Ikuro Sato , Rio Yokota

Non-linear operations such as GELU, Layer normalization, and Softmax are essential yet costly building blocks of Transformer models. Several prior works simplified these operations with look-up tables or integer computations, but such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Joonsang Yu , Junki Park , Seongmin Park , Minsoo Kim , Sihwa Lee , Dong Hyun Lee , Jungwook Choi

The pioneering work of Oono and Suzuki [ICLR, 2020] and Cai and Wang [arXiv:2006.13318] initializes the analysis of the smoothness of graph convolutional network (GCN) features. Their results reveal an intricate empirical correlation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Shih-Hsin Wang , Justin Baker , Cory Hauck , Bao Wang

Implicit deep learning has recently become popular in the machine learning community since these implicit models can achieve competitive performance with state-of-the-art deep networks while using significantly less memory and computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Tianxiang Gao , Hongyang Gao

Generative models for deep learning are promising both to improve understanding of the model, and yield training methods requiring fewer labeled samples. Recent works use generative model approaches to produce the deep net's input given the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-11-23 Sanjeev Arora , Yingyu Liang , Tengyu Ma

Recently, theoretical analyses of deep neural networks have broadly focused on two directions: 1) Providing insight into neural network training by SGD in the limit of infinite hidden-layer width and infinitesimally small learning rate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-27 Rajat Vadiraj Dwaraknath , Tolga Ergen , Mert Pilanci

Understanding the properties of neural networks trained via stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is at the heart of the theory of deep learning. In this work, we take a mean-field view, and consider a two-layer ReLU network trained via SGD for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-02 Alexander Shevchenko , Vyacheslav Kungurtsev , Marco Mondelli

Recent work by Lakshminarayanan and Singh [2020] provided a dual view for fully connected deep neural networks (DNNs) with rectified linear units (ReLU). It was shown that (i) the information in the gates is analytically characterised by a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-31 Chandrashekar Lakshminarayanan , Amit Vikram Singh , Arun Rajkumar

Despite their prevalence in neural networks we still lack a thorough theoretical characterization of ReLU layers. This paper aims to further our understanding of ReLU layers by studying how the activation function ReLU interacts with the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-13 Sören Dittmer , Emily J. King , Peter Maass

We introduce a novel approach for analyzing the training dynamics of ReLU networks by examining the characteristic activation boundaries of individual ReLU neurons. Our proposed analysis reveals a critical instability in common neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Wenlin Chen , Hong Ge

Rectified linear unit (ReLU) activations can also be thought of as 'gates', which, either pass or stop their pre-activation input when they are 'on' (when the pre-activation input is positive) or 'off' (when the pre-activation input is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Chandrashekar Lakshminarayanan , Amit Vikram Singh

This paper provides an analysis of state-of-the-art activation functions with respect to supervised classification of deep neural network. These activation functions comprise of Rectified Linear Units (ReLU), Exponential Linear Unit (ELU),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-07 Anh Nguyen , Khoa Pham , Dat Ngo , Thanh Ngo , Lam Pham

Gated Linear Units (arXiv:1612.08083) consist of the component-wise product of two linear projections, one of which is first passed through a sigmoid function. Variations on GLU are possible, using different nonlinear (or even linear)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-14 Noam Shazeer

Linear attention methods offer a compelling alternative to softmax attention due to their efficiency in recurrent decoding. Recent research has focused on enhancing standard linear attention by incorporating gating while retaining its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Yingcong Li , Davoud Ataee Tarzanagh , Ankit Singh Rawat , Maryam Fazel , Samet Oymak

Sparsification of neural networks is one of the effective complexity reduction methods to improve efficiency and generalizability. We consider the problem of learning a one hidden layer convolutional neural network with ReLU activation…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-02-26 Thu Dinh , Jack Xin

LayerNorm is a critical component in modern large language models (LLMs) for stabilizing training and ensuring smooth optimization. However, it introduces significant challenges in mechanistic interpretability, outlier feature suppression,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Nandan Kumar Jha , Brandon Reagen

In this paper, we introduce the Hyperbolic Tangent Exponential Linear Unit (TeLU), a novel neural network activation function, represented as $f(x) = x{\cdot}tanh(e^x)$. TeLU is designed to overcome the limitations of conventional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Alfredo Fernandez , Ankur Mali

Understanding the computational complexity of training simple neural networks with rectified linear units (ReLUs) has recently been a subject of intensive research. Closing gaps and complementing results from the literature, we present…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-24 Vincent Froese , Christoph Hertrich , Rolf Niedermeier

Gated Linear Units (GLU) and their variants are widely adopted in modern open-source large language model architectures and consistently outperform their non-gated counterparts, yet the underlying reasons for this advantage remain unclear.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Xingyu Lyu , Qianqian Xu , Zhiyong Yang , Peisong Wen , Qingming Huang

Amongst others, the adoption of Rectified Linear Units (ReLUs) is regarded as one of the ingredients of the success of deep learning. ReLU activation has been shown to mitigate the vanishing gradient issue, to encourage sparsity in the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-10-14 Nicola Picchiotti , Marco Gori