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We propose a new quantum key distribution scheme that is based on the optimum expectation values of maximally entangled Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states. Our protocol makes use of the degrees of freedom in continuously variable angles,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-21 Hyung S. Choi , Ye Jin Han , Collin Kessinger , Qiaoren Wang

Decoy-state quantum key distribution (QKD) has convincingly been shown the core solution to secure key exchange. While standard BB84 protocol needs to prepare and measure all states of two complementary bases, which seriously restricts its…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-19 Yu-Shuo Lu , Hua-Lei Yin , Zeng-Bing Chen

We devise a new quantum key distribution scheme that is more efficient than the BB84 protocol. By pre-announcing basis, Alice and Bob are more likely to use the same basis to prepare and measure the qubits, thus achieves a higher…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-23 Jingliang Gao , Changhua Zhu , Heling Xiao

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is the most explored application of quantum information theory. A central problem in entanglement-based QKD (EB-QKD), is whether every entangled state can be used to extract a key. We observe that entanglement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-09 Shubhayan Sarkar , Tushita Prasad , Karol Horodecki

While ideal quantum key distribution (QKD) systems are well-understood, practical implementations face various vulnerabilities, such as side-channel attacks resulting from device imperfections. Current security proofs for decoy-state BB84…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-18 Jerome Wiesemann , Fadri Grünenfelder , Ana Blázquez , Nino Walenta , Davide Rusca

We show that covert secret key expansion is possible using a public authenticated classical channel and a quantum channel largely under control of an adversary, which we precisely define. We also prove a converse result showing that, under…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-11-12 Mehrdad Tahmasbi , Matthieu R. Bloch

Quantum key distribution (QKD) offers the possibility for two individuals to communicate a securely encrypted message. From the time of its inception in 1984 by Bennett and Brassard, QKD has been the result of intense research. One…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-01 Frédéric Bouchard , Alicia Sit , Khabat Heshami , Robert Fickler , Ebrahim Karimi

Reference-frame-independent (RFI) quantum key distribution (QKD) presents promising advantages, especially for mobile-platform-based implementations, as it eliminates the need for active reference frame calibration. While RFI-QKD has been…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-07 Zhiyu Tian , Ziran Xie , Rong Wang , Chunmei Zhang , Shihai Sun

We address continuous variable quantum key distribution (QKD) in non-Markovian lossy channels and show how the non-Markovian features may be exploited to enhance security and/or to detect the presence and the position of an eavesdropper…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-20 Ruggero Vasile , Stefano Olivares , Matteo G A Paris , Sabrina Maniscalco

The peculiar properties of quantum mechanics allow two remote parties to communicate a private, secret key, which is protected from eavesdropping by the laws of physics. So-called quantum key distribution (QKD) implementations always rely…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) promises unconditionally secure key generation between two distant parties by wisely exploiting properties of quantum mechanics. In QKD, experimental measurements on quantum states are transformed to a secret…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-05-03 Xiongfeng Ma , Chi-Hang Fred Fung , Jean-Christian Boileau , H. F. Chau

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a secure key generation method between two distant parties by wisely exploiting properties of quantum mechanics. In QKD, experimental measurement outcomes on quantum states are transformed by the two…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-03-01 Chi-Hang Fred Fung , Xiongfeng Ma , H. F. Chau

Quantum key distribution (QKD) exploits the quantum nature of light to share provably secure keys, allowing secure communication in the presence of an eavesdropper. The first QKD schemes used photons encoded in two states, such as…

In previous quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols, information is encoded on either the discrete-variable of single-photon signal or continuous-variables of multi-photon signal. Here, we propose a new QKD protocol by encoding information…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Bing Qi

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is the most widely studied quantum cryptographic model that exploits quantum effects to achieve information-theoretically secure key establishment. Conventional QKD contains public classical post-processing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-07 Zixuan Hu , Zhenyu Li

Quantum key distribution (QKD) systems provide a method for two users to exchange a provably secure key. Synchronizing the users' clocks is an essential step before a secure key can be distilled. Qubit-based synchronization protocols…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-11 Roderick D. Cochran , Daniel J. Gauthier

The performance of quantum key distribution (QKD) is severely limited by multi-photon pulses emitted by laser sources due to the photon-number splitting attack. Coherent-one-way (COW) QKD has been introduced as a promising solution to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-06 Javier González-Payo , Róbert Trényi , Weilong Wang , Marcos Curty

A two-layer quantum protocol for secure transmission of data using qubits is presented. The protocol is an improvement over the BB84 QKD protocol. BB84, in conjunction with the one-time pad algorithm, has been shown to be unconditionally…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-05-03 Saied Hosseini-Khayat , Iman Marvian

In theory, quantum key distribution (QKD) promises unconditional secure generation of the key between two remote participants, based on the laws of quantum physics. However, because of the imperfections in the real-life implementation of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-12 Mah Noor

Quantum key distribution allows two parties, traditionally known as Alice and Bob, to establish a secure random cryptographic key if, firstly, they have access to a quantum communication channel, and secondly, they can exchange classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Matthias Christandl , Renato Renner , Artur Ekert