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Quantum architecture search (QAS) involves optimizing both the quantum parametric circuit configuration but also its parameters for a variational quantum algorithm. Thus, the problem is known to be multi-level as the performance of a given…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-30 Vicente P. Soloviev , Vedran Dunjko , Concha Bielza , Pedro Larrañaga , Hao Wang

As combinatorial optimization is one of the main quantum computing applications, many methods based on parameterized quantum circuits are being developed. In general, a set of parameters are being tweaked to optimize a cost function out of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-09 Charles Moussa , Hao Wang , Thomas Bäck , Vedran Dunjko

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is known for its capability and universality in solving combinatorial optimization problems on near-term quantum devices. The results yielded by QAOA depend strongly on its initial…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-29 Xinwei Lee , Ningyi Xie , Yoshiyuki Saito , Dongsheng Cai , Nobuyoshi Asai

Parametrized Quantum Circuits (PQCs) enable a novel method for machine learning (ML). However, from a computational point of view they present a challenge to existing eXplainable AI (xAI) methods. On the one hand, measurements on quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-04 Patrick Steinmüller , Tobias Schulz , Ferdinand Graf , Daniel Herr

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) has emerged as a promising variational quantum algorithm for addressing NP hard combinatorial optimization problems. However, a significant limitation lies in optimizing its classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-22 Peter Gleißner , Georg Kruse , Andreas Roßkopf

Parametrized quantum circuits (PQC) are quantum circuits which consist of both fixed and parametrized gates. In recent approaches to quantum machine learning (QML), PQCs are essentially ubiquitous and play the role analogous to classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-12 Alberto Manzano , David Dechant , Jordi Tura , Vedran Dunjko

There has been intensive research on increasing the utility and performance of Parameterized Quantum Circuits (PQCs) in the past couple of years. Owing to this research, there are now several inductive biases available to a quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-24 Ankit Kulshrestha , Sarvagya Upadhyay

The use of Quantum Neural Networks (QNN) that are analogous to classical neural networks, has greatly increased in the past decade owing to the growing interest in the field of Quantum Machine Learning (QML). A QNN consists of three major…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-30 Koustubh Phalak , Swaroop Ghosh

Many applications in quantum simulation, quantum chemistry, and quantum machine learning require not a single quantum state but an ensemble of states characterizing the heterogeneity of a target system. Preparing such ensembles…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-28 Quoc Hoan Tran , Koki Chinzei , Yasuhiro Endo , Hirotaka Oshima

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) adopts a hybrid quantum-classical approach to find approximate solutions to variational optimization problems. In fact, it relies on a classical subroutine to optimize the parameters of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-31 Simone Tibaldi , Davide Vodola , Edoardo Tignone , Elisa Ercolessi

The quest for effective quantum feature maps for data encoding presents significant challenges, particularly due to the flat training landscapes and lengthy training processes associated with parameterised quantum circuits. To address these…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-12 Yaswitha Gujju , Romain Harang , Chao Li , Tetsuo Shibuya , Qibin Zhao

Recent advancements in quantum computing have shown promising computational advantages in many problem areas. As one of those areas with increasing attention, hybrid quantum-classical machine learning systems have demonstrated the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Li Ding , Lee Spector

Numerous quantum algorithms operate under the assumption that classical data has already been converted into quantum states, a process termed Quantum State Preparation (QSP). However, achieving precise QSP requires a circuit depth that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-13 Yilun Zhao , Bingmeng Wang , Wenle Jiang , Xiwei Pan , Bing Li , Yinhe Han , Ying Wang

We establish the first general connection between the design of quantum algorithms and circuit lower bounds. Specifically, let $\mathfrak{C}$ be a class of polynomial-size concepts, and suppose that $\mathfrak{C}$ can be PAC-learned with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-03 Srinivasan Arunachalam , Alex B. Grilo , Tom Gur , Igor C. Oliveira , Aarthi Sundaram

Quantum machine learning has demonstrated significant potential in solving practical problems, particularly in statistics-focused areas such as data science and finance. However, challenges remain in preparing and learning statistical…

Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) is a hybrid algorithm for finding the minimum eigenvalue/vector of a given Hamiltonian by optimizing a parametrized quantum circuit (PQC) using a classical computer. Sequential optimization methods,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-17 Katsuhiro Endo , Yuki Sato , Rudy Raymond , Kaito Wada , Naoki Yamamoto , Hiroshi C. Watanabe

Reducing the circuit depth of quantum circuits is a crucial bottleneck to enabling quantum technology. This depth is inversely proportional to the number of available quantum gates that have been synthesised. Moreover, quantum gate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-15 Francesco Preti , Tommaso Calarco , Felix Motzoi

Most of machine learning approaches have stemmed from the application of minimizing the mean squared distance principle, based on the computationally efficient quadratic optimization methods. However, when faced with high-dimensional and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-01-24 A. N. Gorban , E. M. Mirkes , A. Zinovyev

Reinforcement learning (RL) enables agents to learn optimal policies through environmental interaction. However, RL suffers from reduced learning efficiency due to the curse of dimensionality in high-dimensional spaces. Quantum…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Seok Bin Son , Joongheon Kim

Quantum computing is a computational paradigm with the potential to outperform classical methods for a variety of problems. Proposed recently, the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is considered as one of the leading…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-16 Sami Khairy , Ruslan Shaydulin , Lukasz Cincio , Yuri Alexeev , Prasanna Balaprakash