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The task of automatically detecting hate speech in social media is gaining more and more attention. Given the enormous volume of content posted daily, human monitoring of hate speech is unfeasible. In this work, we propose new word-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-02 Nicolas Zampieri , Irina Illina , Dominique Fohr

Social media has a significant impact on people's lives. Hate speech on social media has emerged as one of society's most serious issues in recent years. Text and pictures are two forms of multimodal data that are distributed within…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Anusha Chhabra , Dinesh Kumar Vishwakarma

Hate speech is increasingly prevalent online, and its negative outcomes include increased prejudice, extremism, and even offline hate crime. Automatic detection of online hate speech can help us to better understand these impacts. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-10 John D Gallacher

Automatic hate speech detection in online social networks is an important open problem in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Hate speech is a multidimensional issue, strongly dependant on language and cultural factors. Despite its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-03 Aymé Arango , Jorge Pérez , Barbara Poblete

Hateful meme classification is a challenging multimodal task that requires complex reasoning and contextual background knowledge. Ideally, we could leverage an explicit external knowledge base to supplement contextual and cultural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-09 Rui Cao , Roy Ka-Wei Lee , Wen-Haw Chong , Jing Jiang

Multimodal hateful content detection is a challenging task that requires complex reasoning across visual and textual modalities. Therefore, creating a meaningful multimodal representation that effectively captures the interplay between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Eftekhar Hossain , Omar Sharif , Mohammed Moshiul Hoque , Sarah M. Preum

Current research on hate speech analysis is typically oriented towards monolingual and single classification tasks. In this paper, we present a new multilingual hate speech analysis dataset for English, Hindi, Arabic, French, German and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Ankit Yadav , Shubham Chandel , Sushant Chatufale , Anil Bandhakavi

The automatic identification of offensive language such as hate speech is important to keep discussions civil in online communities. Identifying hate speech in multimodal content is a particularly challenging task because offensiveness can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Amrita Ganguly , Al Nahian Bin Emran , Sadiya Sayara Chowdhury Puspo , Md Nishat Raihan , Dhiman Goswami , Marcos Zampieri

Due to the sheer volume of online hate, the AI and NLP communities have started building models to detect such hateful content. Recently, multilingual hate is a major emerging challenge for automated detection where code-mixing or more than…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-12 Mithun Das , Punyajoy Saha , Binny Mathew , Animesh Mukherjee

Warning: This paper contains memes that may be offensive to some readers. Multimodal Internet Memes are now a ubiquitous fixture in online discourse. One strand of meme-based research is the classification of memes according to various…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Muzhaffar Hazman , Susan McKeever , Josephine Griffith

In order to study online hate speech, the availability of datasets containing the linguistic phenomena of interest are of crucial importance. However, when it comes to specific target groups, for example teenagers, collecting such data may…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-06 Alessio Palmero Aprosio , Stefano Menini , Sara Tonelli

Hateful memes are an emerging method of spreading hate on the internet, relying on both images and text to convey a hateful message. We take an interpretable approach to hateful meme detection, using machine learning and simple heuristics…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Tanvi Deshpande , Nitya Mani

In the past decade, social media platforms have been used for information dissemination and consumption. While a major portion of the content is posted to promote citizen journalism and public awareness, some content is posted to mislead…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Firoj Alam , Md. Rafiul Biswas , Uzair Shah , Wajdi Zaghouani , Georgios Mikros

Well-annotated data is a prerequisite for good Natural Language Processing models. Too often, though, annotation decisions are governed by optimizing time or annotator agreement. We make a case for nuanced efforts in an interdisciplinary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-31 Federico Bianchi , Stefanie Anja Hills , Patricia Rossini , Dirk Hovy , Rebekah Tromble , Nava Tintarev

Memes have become a distinctive and effective form of communication in the digital era, attracting online communities and cutting across cultural barriers. Even though memes are frequently linked with humor, they have an amazing capacity to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Kazi Toufique Elahi , Tasnuva Binte Rahman , Shakil Shahriar , Samir Sarker , Sajib Kumar Saha Joy , Faisal Muhammad Shah

Online hate speech is an important issue that breaks the cohesiveness of online social communities and even raises public safety concerns in our societies. Motivated by this rising issue, researchers have developed many traditional machine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Rui Cao , Roy Ka-Wei Lee , Tuan-Anh Hoang

Hateful meme detection presents a significant challenge as a multimodal task due to the complexity of interpreting implicit hate messages and contextual cues within memes. Previous approaches have fine-tuned pre-trained vision-language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Ming Shan Hee , Roy Ka-Wei Lee

Internet memes have emerged as an increasingly popular means of communication on the Web. Although typically intended to elicit humour, they have been increasingly used to spread hatred, trolling, and cyberbullying, as well as to target…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-13 Shivam Sharma , Md. Shad Akhtar , Preslav Nakov , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Today, the internet is an integral part of our daily lives, enabling people to be more connected than ever before. However, this greater connectivity and access to information increase exposure to harmful content such as cyber-bullying and…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Lanqin Yuan , Tianyu Wang , Gabriela Ferraro , Hanna Suominen , Marian-Andrei Rizoiu

Social media platforms are increasingly dominated by long-form multimodal content, where harmful narratives are constructed through a complex interplay of audio, visual, and textual cues. While automated systems can flag hate speech with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Girish A. Koushik , Helen Treharne , Diptesh Kanojia