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Transformer-based pre-trained language models (PLMs) mostly suffer from excessive overhead despite their advanced capacity. For resource-constrained devices, there is an urgent need for a spatially and temporally efficient model which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-28 Bowen Shen , Zheng Lin , Yuanxin Liu , Zhengxiao Liu , Lei Wang , Weiping Wang

Training Large Language Models (LLMs) typically involves a two-stage pipeline at the output layer: hidden states are projected into vocabulary logits via a linear transformation (lm_head), followed by cross-entropy loss computation against…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Jianbing Dong , Jianbin Chang

Despite their strong performance on reasoning tasks, large reasoning models (LRMs) often suffer from overthinking, producing unnecessarily long outputs and incurring high end-to-end latency, a significant limitation to their real-world…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Rubing Yang , Huajun Bai , Song Liu , Guanghua Yu , Runzhi Fan , Yanbin Dang , Jiejing Zhang , Kai Liu , Jianchen Zhu , Peng Chen

The vast size of Large Language Models (LLMs) has prompted a search to optimize inference. One effective approach is dynamic inference, which adapts the architecture to the sample-at-hand to reduce the overall computational cost. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Theodore Glavas , Joud Chataoui , Florence Regol , Wassim Jabbour , Antonios Valkanas , Boris N. Oreshkin , Mark Coates

Models need appropriate inductive biases to effectively learn from small amounts of data and generalize systematically outside of the training distribution. While Transformers are highly versatile and powerful, they can still benefit from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Matthias Lindemann , Alexander Koller , Ivan Titov

Reasoning LLMs show improved performance with longer chains of thought. However, recent work has highlighted their tendency to overthink, continuing to revise answers even after reaching the correct solution. We quantitatively confirm this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Xi Wang , James McInerney , Lequn Wang , Nathan Kallus

Recurrent LLM architectures have emerged as a promising approach for improving reasoning, as they enable multi-step computation in the embedding space without generating intermediate tokens. Models such as Ouro perform reasoning by…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are trained with next-token prediction, implemented in autoregressive Transformers via causal masking for parallelism. This creates a subtle misalignment: residual connections tie activations to the current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jonathan Lys , Vincent Gripon , Bastien Pasdeloup , Axel Marmoret , Lukas Mauch , Fabien Cardinaux , Ghouthi Boukli Hacene

Many recent studies have found evidence for emergent reasoning capabilities in large language models (LLMs), but debate persists concerning the robustness of these capabilities, and the extent to which they depend on structured reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Yukang Yang , Declan Campbell , Kaixuan Huang , Mengdi Wang , Jonathan Cohen , Taylor Webb

Large reasoning models achieve strong performance on complex tasks by generating extended chains of thought, but they often "overthink": continuing to reason long after they have enough information to answer correctly. This wastes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Ömer Faruk Akgül , Yusuf Hakan Kalaycı , Rajgopal Kannan , Willie Neiswanger , Viktor Prasanna

Increasing the size of large language models (LLMs) has been shown to lead to better performance. However, this comes at the cost of slower and more expensive inference. Early-exiting is a promising approach for improving the efficiency of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Jort Vincenti , Karim Abdel Sadek , Joan Velja , Matteo Nulli , Metod Jazbec

Building efficient inference framework has gained increasing interests for research community. Early-exit models, a variant of LLMs, improves the inference efficiency of LLMs by skipping rest layers and directly generate output tokens when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Ruijie Miao , Yihan Yan , Xinshuo Yao , Tong Yang

Scaling large language models by increasing parameters and training data is increasingly constrained by limited high-quality corpora and rising communication costs. This work explores an alternative axis: increasing per-token computation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Boyi Zeng , Yiqin Hao , He Li , Shixiang Song , Feichen Song , Zitong Wang , Siyuan Huang , Yi Xu , ZiWei He , Xinbing Wang , Zhouhan Lin

Early exiting is an effective paradigm for improving the inference efficiency of deep networks. By constructing classifiers with varying resource demands (the exits), such networks allow easy samples to be output at early exits, removing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Yizeng Han , Yifan Pu , Zihang Lai , Chaofei Wang , Shiji Song , Junfen Cao , Wenhui Huang , Chao Deng , Gao Huang

Large reasoning models that use long chain-of-thought excel at problem-solving yet waste compute on redundant checks. Curbing this overthinking is hard: training-time length penalties can cripple ability, while inference-time early-exit…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Benteng Chen , Weida Wang , Shufei Zhang , Mingbao Lin , Min Zhang

Agents powered by large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong planning and decision-making capabilities in complex embodied environments. However, such agents often suffer from inefficiencies in multi-turn interactions, frequently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Qingyu Lu , Liang Ding , Siyi Cao , Xuebo Liu , Kanjian Zhang , Jinxia Zhang , Dacheng Tao

Chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting enables reasoning in language models but requires explicit verbalization of intermediate steps. Looped transformers offer an alternative by iteratively refining representations within hidden states. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Markus Frey , Behzad Shomali , Ali Hamza Bashir , David Berghaus , Joachim Koehler , Mehdi Ali

Transformers evaluated in a single, fixed-depth pass are provably limited in expressive power to the constant-depth circuit class TC0. Running a Transformer autoregressively removes that ceiling -- first in next-token prediction and, more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Mrinal Mathur , Mike Doan , Barak Pearlmutter , Sergey Plis

Recent works attribute the capability of in-context learning (ICL) in large pre-trained language models to implicitly simulating and fine-tuning an internal model (e.g., linear or 2-layer MLP) during inference. However, such constructions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Abhishek Panigrahi , Sadhika Malladi , Mengzhou Xia , Sanjeev Arora

Transformer-based models generally allocate the same amount of computation for each token in a given sequence. We develop a simple but effective "token dropping" method to accelerate the pretraining of transformer models, such as BERT,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-25 Le Hou , Richard Yuanzhe Pang , Tianyi Zhou , Yuexin Wu , Xinying Song , Xiaodan Song , Denny Zhou