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We introduce Graph of Thoughts (GoT): a framework that advances prompting capabilities in large language models (LLMs) beyond those offered by paradigms such as Chain-of-Thought or Tree of Thoughts (ToT). The key idea and primary advantage…

Recent studies have shown that Large Language Models (LLMs) can achieve strong reasoning performance by incorporating functional symbolic representations that abstractly describe graph traversal algorithms and step-by-step reasoning in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Phuong Minh Nguyen , Tien Huu Dang , Naoya Inoue

Although Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at addressing straightforward reasoning tasks, they frequently struggle with difficulties when confronted by more complex multi-step reasoning due to a range of factors. Firstly, natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Kewei Cheng , Nesreen K. Ahmed , Theodore Willke , Yizhou Sun

Graph of Thoughts (GoT), a generalized form of recent prompting paradigms for large language models (LLMs), has been shown to be useful for elaborate problem solving. By executing a graph of operations, thoughts of the LLM are structured as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Manuel Noah Riesen , Peter Alfred von Niederhäusern

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable success across a wide range of tasks; however, they still encounter challenges in reasoning tasks that require understanding and inferring relationships between distinct pieces of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Haoyu Han , Yaochen Xie , Hui Liu , Xianfeng Tang , Sreyashi Nag , William Headden , Hui Liu , Yang Li , Chen Luo , Shuiwang Ji , Qi He , Jiliang Tang

Regardless of its foundational role in human discovery and sense-making, abductive reasoning--the inference of the most plausible explanation for an observation--has been relatively underexplored in Large Language Models (LLMs). Despite the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Moein Salimi , Shaygan Adim , Danial Parnian , Nima Alighardashi , Mahdi Jafari Siavoshani , Mohammad Hossein Rohban

Abductive reasoning is the process of making educated guesses to provide explanations for observations. Although many applications require the use of knowledge for explanations, the utilization of abductive reasoning in conjunction with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Jiaxin Bai , Yicheng Wang , Tianshi Zheng , Yue Guo , Xin Liu , Yangqiu Song

This paper presents Graph-of-Thought (GoT), a new model for workflow automation that enhances the flexibility and efficiency of Large Language Models (LLMs) in complex task execution. GoT advances beyond traditional linear and tree-like…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Ye Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive reasoning capabilities, yet their performance is highly dependent on the prompting strategy and model scale. While reinforcement learning and fine-tuning have been deployed to boost…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Tushar Pandey , Ara Ghukasyan , Oktay Goktas , Santosh Kumar Radha

Modern large language models (LLMs) employ diverse logical inference mechanisms for reasoning, making the strategic optimization of these approaches critical for advancing their capabilities. This paper systematically investigate the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Tianshi Zheng , Jiayang Cheng , Chunyang Li , Haochen Shi , Zihao Wang , Jiaxin Bai , Yangqiu Song , Ginny Y. Wong , Simon See

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across various domains. However, they still face significant challenges, including high computational costs for training and limitations in solving complex reasoning problems.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Hang Gao , Chenhao Zhang , Tie Wang , Junsuo Zhao , Fengge Wu , Changwen Zheng , Huaping Liu

Recent advances in test-time scaling have enabled Large Language Models (LLMs) to display sophisticated reasoning abilities via extended Chain-of-Thought (CoT) generation. Despite their potential, these Reasoning LLMs (RLMs) often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Zhen Xiong , Yujun Cai , Zhecheng Li , Yiwei Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have shown strong performance across natural language reasoning tasks, yet their reasoning processes remain brittle and difficult to interpret. Prompting techniques like Chain-of-Thought (CoT) enhance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Samir Abdaljalil , Hasan Kurban , Khalid Qaraqe , Erchin Serpedin

This paper addresses the challenge of enhancing artificial intelligence reasoning capabilities, focusing on logicality within the Abstraction and Reasoning Corpus (ARC). Humans solve such visual reasoning tasks based on their observations…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Mintaek Lim , Seokki Lee , Liyew Woletemaryam Abitew , Sundong Kim

Deductive and abductive reasoning are two critical paradigms for analyzing knowledge graphs, enabling applications from financial query answering to scientific discovery. Deductive reasoning on knowledge graphs usually involves retrieving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Yisen Gao , Jiaxin Bai , Yi Huang , Xingcheng Fu , Qingyun Sun , Yangqiu Song

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at generating natural language answers, yet their outputs often remain unverifiable and difficult to trace. Knowledge Graphs (KGs) offer a complementary strength by representing entities and their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Alfonso Amayuelas , Joy Sain , Simerjot Kaur , Charese Smiley

We examine how well the state-of-the-art (SOTA) models used in legal reasoning support abductive reasoning tasks. Abductive reasoning is a form of logical inference in which a hypothesis is formulated from a set of observations, and that…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-06-30 Ha-Thanh Nguyen , Randy Goebel , Francesca Toni , Kostas Stathis , Ken Satoh

Research in AI using Large-Language Models (LLMs) is rapidly evolving, and the comparison of their performance with human reasoning has become a key concern. Prior studies have indicated that LLMs and humans share similar biases, such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Hirohiko Abe , Risako Ando , Takanobu Morishita Kentaro Ozeki , Koji Mineshima , Mitsuhiro Okada

With the widespread use of language models (LMs) in NLP tasks, researchers have discovered the potential of Chain-of-thought (CoT) to assist LMs in accomplishing complex reasoning tasks by generating intermediate steps. However, human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Yao Yao , Zuchao Li , Hai Zhao

Current Large Language Model-based agents reason within an exploration-evaluation framework, navigating problem-solving processes in a tree-like manner. However, these methods often neglect successful reasoning trajectories once a problem…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Jia Liu , Jie Shuai , Xiyao Li
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