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We present a methodology for estimating collision risk from counterfactual simulated scenarios built on sensor data from automated driving systems (ADS) or naturalistic driving databases. Two-agent conflicts are assessed by detecting and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Sreeja Roy-Singh , Sarvesh Kolekar , Daniel P. Bonny , Kyle Foss

Traffic accidents result in millions of injuries and fatalities globally, with a significant number occurring at intersections each year. Traffic Signal Control (TSC) is an effective strategy for enhancing safety at these urban junctures.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Mingyuan Li , Chunyu Liu , Zhuojun Li , Xiao Liu , Guangsheng Yu , Bo Du , Jun Shen , Qiang Wu

Multi-agent trajectory generation is a core problem for autonomous driving and intelligent transportation systems. However, efficiently modeling the dynamic interactions between numerous road users and infrastructures in complex scenes…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Xiaoyu Mo , Jintian Ge , Zifan Wang , Chen Lv , Karl Henrik Johansson

We present CEMA: Causal Explanations in Multi-Agent systems; a framework for creating causal natural language explanations of an agent's decisions in dynamic sequential multi-agent systems to build more trustworthy autonomous agents. Unlike…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Balint Gyevnar , Cheng Wang , Christopher G. Lucas , Shay B. Cohen , Stefano V. Albrecht

Counterfactuals have become a popular technique nowadays for interacting with black-box machine learning models and understanding how to change a particular instance to obtain a desired outcome from the model. However, most existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Philip Naumann , Eirini Ntoutsi

Scenario-based testing of automated driving functions has become a promising method to reduce time and cost compared to real-world testing. In scenario-based testing automated functions are evaluated in a set of pre-defined scenarios. These…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Christoph Glasmacher , Michael Schuldes , Sleiman El Masri , Lutz Eckstein

Generating safety-critical scenarios, which are essential yet difficult to collect at scale, offers an effective method to evaluate the robustness of autonomous vehicles (AVs). Existing methods focus on optimizing adversariality while…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Keyu Chen , Yuheng Lei , Hao Cheng , Haoran Wu , Wenchao Sun , Sifa Zheng

In this work, we propose a novel generative method to identify the causal impact and apply it to prediction tasks. We conduct causal impact analysis using interventional and counterfactual perspectives. First, applying interventions, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Soma Bandyopadhyay , Sudeshna Sarkar

Context-aware emotion recognition (CAER) has recently boosted the practical applications of affective computing techniques in unconstrained environments. Mainstream CAER methods invariably extract ensemble representations from diverse…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Dingkang Yang , Kun Yang , Mingcheng Li , Shunli Wang , Shuaibing Wang , Lihua Zhang

We propose an adversarial training procedure for learning a causal implicit generative model for a given causal graph. We show that adversarial training can be used to learn a generative model with true observational and interventional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-09-18 Murat Kocaoglu , Christopher Snyder , Alexandros G. Dimakis , Sriram Vishwanath

Safety-critical scenarios are central to evaluating autonomous driving systems, yet their rarity in naturalistic logs makes simulation-based stress testing indispensable. Most scenario generation methods treat surrounding agents as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Qiyu Ruan , Yuxuan Wang , He Li , Zhenning Li , Cheng-zhong Xu

Causal world models are systems that can answer counterfactual questions about an environment of interest, i.e. predict how it would have evolved if an arbitrary subset of events had been realized differently. It requires understanding the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Gaël Gendron , Jože M. Rožanec , Michael Witbrock , Gillian Dobbie

Reliable anticipation of traffic accidents is essential for advancing autonomous driving systems. However, this objective is limited by two fundamental challenges: the scarcity of diverse, high-quality training data and the frequent absence…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Yanchen Guan , Haicheng Liao , Chengyue Wang , Xingcheng Liu , Jiaxun Zhang , Zhenning Li

Generating safety-critical scenarios is essential for testing and verifying the safety of autonomous vehicles. Traditional optimization techniques suffer from the curse of dimensionality and limit the search space to fixed parameter spaces.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Haolan Liu , Liangjun Zhang , Siva Kumar Sastry Hari , Jishen Zhao

Recent studies have shown the impressive efficacy of counterfactually augmented data (CAD) for reducing NLU models' reliance on spurious features and improving their generalizability. However, current methods still heavily rely on human…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Jiaxin Wen , Yeshuang Zhu , Jinchao Zhang , Jie Zhou , Minlie Huang

Forecasting human trajectories in complex dynamic environments plays a critical role in autonomous vehicles and intelligent robots. Most existing methods learn to predict future trajectories by behavior clues from history trajectories and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-30 Guangyi Chen , Junlong Li , Jiwen Lu , Jie Zhou

Adversarial scenario generation is a cost-effective approach for safety assessment of autonomous driving systems. However, existing methods are often constrained to a single, fixed trade-off between competing objectives such as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Tong Nie , Yuewen Mei , Yihong Tang , Junlin He , Jie Sun , Haotian Shi , Wei Ma , Jian Sun

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are rapidly advancing and are expected to play a central role in future mobility. Ensuring their safe deployment requires reliable interaction with other road users, not least pedestrians. Direct testing on public…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Yueyang Wang , Mehmet Dogar , Russell Darling , Gustav Markkula

The capability of imagining internally with a mental model of the world is vitally important for human cognition. If a machine intelligent agent can learn a world model to create a "dream" environment, it can then internally ask what-if…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-29 Minne Li , Mengyue Yang , Furui Liu , Xu Chen , Zhitang Chen , Jun Wang

In contemporary autonomous driving testing, virtual simulation has become an important approach due to its efficiency and cost effectiveness. However, existing methods usually rely on reinforcement learning to generate risky scenarios,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Chen Xiong , Cheng Wang , Yuhang Liu , Zirui Wu , Ye Tian