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Data annotation is an essential stage in supervised learning. However, the annotation process is exhaustive and time consuming, specially for large datasets. Activities of Daily Living (ADL) recognition is an example of systems that exploit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Alaa E. Abdel-Hakim , Wael Deabes

With the growing prevalence of large language models, it is increasingly common to annotate datasets for machine learning using pools of crowd raters. However, these raters often work in isolation as individual crowdworkers. In this work,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Sonja Schmer-Galunder , Ruta Wheelock , Scott Friedman , Alyssa Chvasta , Zaria Jalan , Emily Saltz

Integrating human expertise into machine learning systems often reduces the role of experts to labeling oracles, a paradigm that limits the amount of information exchanged and fails to capture the nuances of human judgment. We address this…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Belén Martín-Urcelay , Yoonsang Lee , Matthieu R. Bloch , Christopher J. Rozell

The leaderboard of Large Language Models (LLMs) in mathematical tasks has been continuously updated. However, the majority of evaluations focus solely on the final results, neglecting the quality of the intermediate steps. This oversight…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Shijie Xia , Xuefeng Li , Yixin Liu , Tongshuang Wu , Pengfei Liu

The advent of AI driven large language models (LLMs) have stirred discussions about their role in qualitative research. Some view these as tools to enrich human understanding, while others perceive them as threats to the core values of the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-06-26 Muneera Bano , Didar Zowghi , Jon Whittle

We present a new Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model for text classification that jointly exploits labels on documents and their component sentences. Specifically, we consider scenarios in which annotators explicitly mark sentences (or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-09-27 Ye Zhang , Iain Marshall , Byron C. Wallace

The lack of contextual information in text data can make the annotation process of text-based emotion classification datasets challenging. As a result, such datasets often contain labels that fail to consider all the relevant emotions in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Daniel Yang , Aditya Kommineni , Mohammad Alshehri , Nilamadhab Mohanty , Vedant Modi , Jonathan Gratch , Shrikanth Narayanan

Annotation bias in NLP datasets remains a major challenge for developing multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly in culturally diverse settings. Bias from task framing, annotator subjectivity, and cultural mismatches can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Xia Cui , Ziyi Huang , Naeemeh Adel

Large language model (LLM)-powered assistants have recently integrated memory mechanisms that record user preferences, leading to more personalized and user-aligned responses. However, irrelevant personalized memories are often introduced…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Xueyang Feng , Weinan Gan , Xu Chen , Quanyu Dai , Yong Liu

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable reasoning capabilities, especially when prompted to generate intermediate reasoning steps (e.g., Chain-of-Thought, CoT). However, LLMs can still struggle with problems that are easy for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Shibo Hao , Yi Gu , Haodi Ma , Joshua Jiahua Hong , Zhen Wang , Daisy Zhe Wang , Zhiting Hu

Unsupervised methods are widely used to induce latent semantic structure from large text collections, yet their outputs often contain incoherent, redundant, or poorly grounded clusters that are difficult to validate without labeled data. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Tunazzina Islam

Reasoning can significantly enhance the performance of Large Language Models. While recent studies have exploited behavior-related prompts adjustment to enhance reasoning, these designs remain largely intuitive and lack a systematic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Xiuping Wu , Zhao Yu , Yuxin Cheng , Ngai Wong , Liangjun Ke , Tapas Mishra , Konstantinos V. Katsikopoulos

Understanding a program's runtime reasoning behavior, meaning how intermediate states and control flows lead to final execution results, is essential for reliable code generation, debugging, and automated reasoning. Although large language…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Mohammad Abdollahi , Khandaker Rifah Tasnia , Soumit Kanti Saha , Jinqiu Yang , Song Wang , Hadi Hemmati

When humans label subjective content, they disagree, and that disagreement is not noise. It reflects genuine differences in perspective shaped by annotators' social identities and lived experiences. Yet standard practice still flattens…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Samay U. Shetty , Tharindu Cyril Weerasooriya , Deepak Pandita , Christopher M. Homan

Understanding how scaffolding strategies influence human understanding in human-robot interaction is important for developing effective assistive systems. This empirical study investigates linguistic scaffolding strategies based on negation…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-26 André Groß , Birte Richter , Bjarne Thomzik , Britta Wrede

Annotator disagreement is widespread in NLP, particularly for subjective and ambiguous tasks such as toxicity detection and stance analysis. While early approaches treated disagreement as noise to be removed, recent work increasingly models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yinuo Xu , David Jurgens

Data annotation refers to the labeling or tagging of textual data with relevant information. A large body of works have reported positive results on leveraging LLMs as an alternative to human annotators. However, existing studies focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Yu-Min Tseng , Wei-Lin Chen , Chung-Chi Chen , Hsin-Hsi Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit impressive reasoning abilities, yet their reliance on structured step-by-step processing reveals a critical limitation. In contrast, human cognition fluidly adapts between intuitive, heuristic (System 1)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Alireza S. Ziabari , Nona Ghazizadeh , Zhivar Sourati , Farzan Karimi-Malekabadi , Payam Piray , Morteza Dehghani

Pairwise preference data have played an important role in the alignment of large language models (LLMs). Each sample of such data consists of a prompt, two different responses to the prompt, and a binary label indicating which of the two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zhongze Cai , Xiaocheng Li

Propaganda detection on social media remains challenging due to task complexity and limited high-quality labeled data. This paper introduces a novel framework that combines human expertise with Large Language Model (LLM) assistance to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Ariana Sahitaj , Premtim Sahitaj , Veronika Solopova , Jiaao Li , Sebastian Möller , Vera Schmitt