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Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance, and organizations are racing to serve LLMs of varying sizes as endpoints for use-cases like chat, programming and search. However, efficiently serving multiple LLMs…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Jiangfei Duan , Runyu Lu , Haojie Duanmu , Xiuhong Li , Xingcheng Zhang , Dahua Lin , Ion Stoica , Hao Zhang

The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into applications ranging from interactive chatbots to multi-agent systems has introduced a wide spectrum of service-level objectives (SLOs) for responsiveness. These include latency-sensitive…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Wei Zhang , Zhiyu Wu , Yi Mu , Rui Ning , Banruo Liu , Nikhil Sarda , Myungjin Lee , Fan Lai

Large language model (LLM) serving is becoming an increasingly important workload for cloud providers. Based on performance SLO requirements, LLM inference requests can be divided into (a) interactive requests that have tight SLOs in the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Archit Patke , Dhemath Reddy , Saurabh Jha , Chandra Narayanaswami , Zbigniew Kalbarczyk , Ravishankar Iyer

Existing large language model (LLM) serving systems fall into two categories: 1) a unified system where prefill phase and decode phase are co-located on the same GPU, sharing the unified computational resource and storage, and 2) a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Ke Hong , Lufang Chen , Zhong Wang , Xiuhong Li , Qiuli Mao , Jianping Ma , Chao Xiong , Guanyu Wu , Buhe Han , Guohao Dai , Yun Liang , Yu Wang

Production LLM serving must simultaneously deliver high throughput, low latency, and sufficient context capacity under non-stationary traffic and mixed request requirements. Data parallelism (DP) maximizes throughput by running independent…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Shouwei Gao , Junqi Yin , Feiyi Wang , Wenqian Dong

The rapid rise of large language models (LLMs) in text streaming services has introduced significant cost and Quality of Experience (QoE) challenges in serving millions of daily requests, especially in meeting Time-To-First-Token (TTFT) and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Ting Sun , Penghan Wang , Fan Lai

The rapid scaling of Large Language Models (LLMs) has pushed training workloads far beyond the limits of single-node analysis, demanding a deeper understanding of how these models behave across large-scale, multi-GPU systems. In this paper,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Seokjin Go , Joongun Park , Spandan More , Hanjiang Wu , Irene Wang , Aaron Jezghani , Tushar Krishna , Divya Mahajan

User experience is a critical factor Large Language Model (LLM) serving systems must consider, where service level objectives (SLOs) considering the experience of individual requests and system level metrics (SLMs) considering the overall…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Zhibin Wang , Shipeng Li , Yuhang Zhou , Xue Li , Zhonghui Zhang , Nguyen Cam-Tu , Rong Gu , Chen Tian , Guihai Chen , Sheng Zhong

The rise of LLMs has driven demand for private serverless deployments, characterized by moderate-sized models and infrequent requests. While existing serverless solutions follow exclusive GPU allocation, we take a step back to explore…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Chuhao Xu , Zijun Li , Quan Chen , Han Zhao , Xueyan Tang , Minyi Guo

Serving Large Language Models (LLMs) is a GPU-intensive task where traditional autoscalers fall short, particularly for modern Prefill-Decode (P/D) disaggregated architectures. This architectural shift, while powerful, introduces…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Rongzhi Li , Ruogu Du , Zefang Chu , Sida Zhao , Chunlei Han , Zuocheng Shi , Yiwen Shao , Huanle Han , Long Huang , Zherui Liu , Shufan Liu

The increasing demand for Large Language Models (LLMs) across various applications has led to a significant shift in the design of deep learning serving systems. Deploying LLMs, particularly in multi-tenant environments, poses substantial…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Bodun Hu , Jiamin Li , Le Xu , Myungjin Lee , Akshay Jajoo , Geon-Woo Kim , Hong Xu , Aditya Akella

We consider a large-scale parallel-server system, where each server independently adjusts its processing speed in a decentralized manner. The objective is to minimize the overall cost, which comprises the average cost of maintaining the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-06-06 Daan Rutten , Martin Zubeldia , Debankur Mukherjee

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) power platforms like ChatGPT, Gemini, and Copilot, enabling richer interactions with text, images, and videos. These heterogeneous workloads introduce additional inference stages, such as vision…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Konstantinos Papaioannou , Thaleia Dimitra Doudali

Dramatic increases in the capabilities of neural network models in recent years are driven by scaling model size, training data, and corresponding computational resources. To develop the exceedingly large networks required in modern…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Jared Fernandez , Luca Wehrstedt , Leonid Shamis , Mostafa Elhoushi , Kalyan Saladi , Yonatan Bisk , Emma Strubell , Jacob Kahn

Recently, there has been an extensive research effort in building efficient large language model (LLM) inference serving systems. These efforts not only include innovations in the algorithm and software domains but also constitute…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Jaehong Cho , Minsu Kim , Hyunmin Choi , Guseul Heo , Jongse Park

Large language models have gained widespread popularity for their ability to process natural language inputs and generate insights derived from their training data, nearing the qualities of true artificial intelligence. This advancement has…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Narcisa Guran , Florian Knauf , Man Ngo , Stefan Petrescu , Jan S. Rellermeyer

Most existing Large Language Model (LLM)-based agent frameworks rely on centralized orchestration, incurring high deployment costs, rigid communication topologies, and limited adaptability. To address these challenges, we introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Ji Wang , Kashing Chen , Xinyuan Song , Ke Zhang , Lynn Ai , Eric Yang , Bill Shi

Distributed prefix caching has become a core technique for efficient LLM serving. However, for long-context requests with high cache hit ratios, retrieving reusable KVCache blocks from remote servers has emerged as a new performance…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Weiye Wang , Chen Chen , Junxue Zhang , Zhusheng Wang , Hui Yuan , Zixuan Guan , Xiaolong Zheng , Qizhen Weng , Yin Chen , Minyi Guo

As Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly accessible to end users, an ever-growing number of inference requests are initiated from edge devices and computed on centralized GPU clusters. However, the resulting exponential growth in…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Xiangchen Li , Jiakun Fan , Qingyuan Wang , Dimitrios Spatharakis , Saeid Ghafouri , Hans Vandierendonck , Deepu John , Bo Ji , Ali R. Butt , Dimitrios S. Nikolopoulos

Deploying Large Language Model (LLM) services at the edge benefits latency-sensitive and privacy-aware applications. However, the stateless nature of LLMs makes managing user context (e.g., sessions, preferences) across geo-distributed edge…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Mohammadreza Malekabbasi , Minghe Wang , David Bermbach