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Deep neural networks are widely used prediction algorithms whose performance often improves as the number of weights increases, leading to over-parametrization. We consider a two-layered neural network whose first layer is frozen while the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-10 Roman Worschech , Bernd Rosenow

What scaling limits govern neural network training dynamics when model size and training time grow in tandem? We show that despite the complex interactions between architecture, training algorithms, and data, compute-optimally trained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Shikai Qiu , Lechao Xiao , Andrew Gordon Wilson , Jeffrey Pennington , Atish Agarwala

This paper presents a neural network filter method based on contraction operators to address model collapse in recursive training of generative models. Unlike \cite{xu2024probabilistic}, which requires superlinear sample growth…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Zongjian Han , Yiran Liang , Ruiwen Wang , Yiwei Luo , Yilin Huang , Xiaotong Song , Dongqing Wei

This paper explores the connection between two recently identified phenomena in deep learning: plasticity loss and neural collapse. We analyze their correlation in different scenarios, revealing a significant association during the initial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Guglielmo Bonifazi , Iason Chalas , Gian Hess , Jakub Łucki

In this paper, we provide an overview of a common phenomenon, condensation, observed during the nonlinear training of neural networks: During the nonlinear training of neural networks, neurons in the same layer tend to condense into groups…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Zhi-Qin John Xu , Yaoyu Zhang , Zhangchen Zhou

The training dynamics of deep neural networks often defy expectations, even as these models form the foundation of modern machine learning. Two prominent examples are grokking, where test performance improves abruptly long after the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Keitaro Sakamoto , Issei Sato

We explore some mathematical features of the loss landscape of overparameterized neural networks. A priori one might imagine that the loss function looks like a typical function from $\mathbb{R}^n$ to $\mathbb{R}$ - in particular,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-04-27 Y Cooper

Neural multivariate regression underpins a wide range of domains, including control, robotics, and finance, yet the geometry of its learned representations remains poorly characterized. While neural collapse has been shown to benefit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 George Andriopoulos , Zixuan Dong , Bimarsha Adhikari , Keith Ross

Neural collapse is a highly symmetric geometric pattern of neural networks that emerges during the terminal phase of training, with profound implications on the generalization performance and robustness of the trained networks. To…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Wenlong Ji , Yiping Lu , Yiliang Zhang , Zhun Deng , Weijie J. Su

Analysis of over-parameterized neural networks has drawn significant attention in recentyears. It was shown that such systems behave like convex systems under various restrictedsettings, such as for two-level neural networks, and when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-19 Cong Fang , Yihong Gu , Weizhong Zhang , Tong Zhang

Although overparameterized models have achieved remarkable practical success, their theoretical properties, particularly their generalization behavior, remain incompletely understood. The well known double descents phenomenon suggests that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-06 Haoran Zhan , Yingcun Xia

Why do state-of-the-art OOD detection methods exhibit catastrophic failure when models are trained on single-domain datasets? We provide the first theoretical explanation for this phenomenon through the lens of information theory. We prove…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Hong Yang , Devroop Kar , Qi Yu , Alex Ororbia , Travis Desell

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are build specifically for computer vision tasks for which it is known that the input data is a hierarchical structure based on locally correlated elements. The question that naturally arises is what…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-07-26 Cristian Ivan

We investigate the geometric structure of learning dynamics in overparameterized transformer models through carefully controlled modular arithmetic tasks. Our primary finding is that despite operating in high-dimensional parameter spaces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Yongzhong Xu

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are the cutting edge model for supervised machine learning in computer vision. In recent years CNNs have outperformed traditional approaches in many computer vision tasks such as object detection, image…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-03-01 Nitzan Guberman

We investigate combinatorial, topological and algebraic properties of certain classes of neural codes. We look into a conjecture that states if the minimal \textit{open convex} embedding dimension of a neural code is two then its minimal…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2023-09-21 Neha Gupta , Suhith K N

Recent theoretical work has demonstrated that deep neural networks have superior performance over shallow networks, but their training is more difficult, e.g., they suffer from the vanishing gradient problem. This problem can be typically…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-03 Lu Lu , Yanhui Su , George Em Karniadakis

Previous work has shown that DNNs with large depth $L$ and $L_{2}$-regularization are biased towards learning low-dimensional representations of the inputs, which can be interpreted as minimizing a notion of rank $R^{(0)}(f)$ of the learned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Arthur Jacot

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection and OOD generalization are widely studied in Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), yet their relationship remains poorly understood. We empirically show that the degree of Neural Collapse (NC) in a network layer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Md Yousuf Harun , Jhair Gallardo , Christopher Kanan

Recent success in training deep neural networks have prompted active investigation into the features learned on their intermediate layers. Such research is difficult because it requires making sense of non-linear computations performed by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-03-01 Yixuan Li , Jason Yosinski , Jeff Clune , Hod Lipson , John Hopcroft