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This paper presents a temporal expression language for monitoring AI agent behavior, enabling systematic error-detection of LLM-based agentic systems that exhibit variable outputs due to stochastic generation processes. Drawing from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Thomas J Sheffler

Multi-agent systems achieve state-of-the-art outcomes through peer collaboration. However, when an agent in the pipeline silently drops a constraint, the system's final output may look correct even though the reasoning chain was quietly…

Language-model agent systems commonly rely on reactive prompting, in which a single instruction guides the model through an open-ended sequence of reasoning and tool-use steps, leaving control flow and intermediate state implicit and making…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Pengcheng Wang , Jerry Huang , Jiarui Yao , Rui Pan , Peizhi Niu , Yaowenqi Liu , Ruida Wang , Renhao Lu , Yuwei Guo , Tong Zhang

We consider the automatic verification of information flow security policies of web-based workflows, such as conference submission systems like EasyChair. Our workflow description language allows for loops, non-deterministic choice, and an…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-08-31 Bernd Finkbeiner , Christian Müller , Helmut Seidl , Eugen Zălinescu

Detecting anomalies in discrete event logs is critical for ensuring system reliability, security, and efficiency. Traditional window-based methods for log anomaly detection often suffer from context bias and fuzzy localization, which hinder…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Jiaxing Qi , Chang Zeng , Zhongzhi Luan , Shaohan Huang , Shu Yang , Yao Lu , Hailong Yang , Depei Qian

With the increasing adoption of large language models (LLM), agentic workflows, which compose multiple LLM calls with tools, retrieval, and reasoning steps, are increasingly replacing traditional applications. However, such workflows are…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Yeonju Ro , Haoran Qiu , Íñigo Goiri , Rodrigo Fonseca , Ricardo Bianchini , Aditya Akella , Zhangyang Wang , Mattan Erez , Esha Choukse

Formal verification offers a path to provably correct software, but writing verified code remains expensive enough that the technique is rarely used in production. Recent large language models can accelerate this work, and recent benchmarks…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Leo Yao

Autonomous agents powered by foundation models have seen widespread adoption across various real-world applications. However, they remain highly vulnerable to malicious instructions and attacks, which can result in severe consequences such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Zhaorun Chen , Mintong Kang , Bo Li

Artificial intelligence (AI) agents are increasingly used in a variety of domains to automate tasks, interact with users, and make decisions based on data inputs. Ensuring that AI agents perform only authorized actions and handle inputs…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Nadya Abaev , Denis Klimov , Gerard Levinov , David Mimran , Yuval Elovici , Asaf Shabtai

Large language model (LLM)-based AI agents extend LLM capabilities by enabling access to tools such as data sources, APIs, search engines, code sandboxes, and even other agents. While this empowers agents to perform complex tasks, LLMs may…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Aarya Doshi , Yining Hong , Congying Xu , Eunsuk Kang , Alexandros Kapravelos , Christian Kästner

Modern information systems require autonomous agents capable of navigating complex workflows, yet current methodologies often struggle with the transition from structured metadata parsing to general environmental perception. While the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Susanna Cifani , Mario Luca Bernardi , Marta Cimitile

Modern agentic frameworks (e.g., CrewAI and AutoGen) have evolved into complex, autonomous multi-agent systems, introducing unique reliability challenges beyond earlier pipeline-based LLM libraries. However, existing empirical studies focus…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Xiaowen Zhang , Hannuo Zhang , Shin Hwei Tan

Agentic AI in software product development is increasingly adopted by organizations, yet the field lacks a consolidated synthesis of where adoption is mature, which architectural patterns dominate, and what limitations and coping mechanisms…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Spyridon Alvanakis Apostolou , Jan Bosch , Helena Holmström Olsson

LLM-based multi-agent systems are increasingly deployed on long-horizon tasks, but a single decisive error is often accepted by downstream agents and cascades into trajectory-level failure. Existing work frames this as \emph{post-hoc…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Boxuan Zhang , Jianing Zhu , Zeru Shi , Dongfang Liu , Ruixiang Tang

Training trustworthy agentic LLMs requires data that shows the grounded reasoning process, not just the final answer. Existing datasets fall short: question-answering data is outcome-only, chain-of-thought data is not tied to specific…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Saber Zerhoudi , Michael Granitzer , Jelena Mitrovic

AI agents often fail in ways that are difficult to localize because executions are probabilistic, long-horizon, multi-agent, and mediated by noisy tool outputs. We address this gap by manually annotating failed agent runs and release a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Shraddha Barke , Arnav Goyal , Alind Khare , Avaljot Singh , Suman Nath , Chetan Bansal

Large language models deployed as agents increasingly interact with external systems through tool calls--actions with real-world consequences that text outputs alone do not carry. Safety evaluations, however, overwhelmingly measure…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Arnold Cartagena , Ariane Teixeira

Agentic security systems increasingly combine LLM planners with tools that can discover, validate, and report vulnerabilities. This creates an asymmetric control problem: the system should retain strong offensive capability inside an…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Isaac David , Marco Guarnieri , Arthur Gervais

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (RL) often struggles to ensure the safe behaviours of the learning agents, and therefore it is generally not adapted to safety-critical applications. To address this issue, we present a methodology that…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-04-05 Pierre El Mqirmi , Francesco Belardinelli , Borja G. León

The deployment of autonomous AI agents capable of executing commercial transactions has motivated the adoption of mandate-based payment authorization protocols, including the Universal Commerce Protocol (UCP) and the Agent Payments Protocol…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Qianlong Lan , Anuj Kaul , Shaun Jones , Stephanie Westrum