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Planning, as the core module of agents, is crucial in various fields such as embodied agents, web navigation, and tool using. With the development of large language models (LLMs), some researchers treat large language models as intelligent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Tianyi Men , Pengfei Cao , Zhuoran Jin , Yubo Chen , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

Fine-tuning provides an effective means to specialize pre-trained models for various downstream tasks. However, fine-tuning often incurs high memory overhead, especially for large transformer-based models, such as LLMs. While existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Antoine Simoulin , Namyong Park , Xiaoyi Liu , Grey Yang

Next token prediction is an attractive pre-training task for jet foundation models, in that it is simulation free and enables excellent generative capabilities that can transfer across datasets. Here we study multiple improvements to next…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2025-12-05 Joschka Birk , Anna Hallin , Gregor Kasieczka , Nikol Madzharova , Ian Pang , David Shih

Reasoning models excel by generating long chain-of-thoughts, but decoding the resulting thousands of tokens is slow. Token-level speculative decoding (SD) helps, but its benefit is capped, because the chance that an entire $\gamma$-token…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Yichao Fu , Rui Ge , Zelei Shao , Zhijie Deng , Hao Zhang

Autoregressive decoding in language models is inherently slow, generating only one token per forward pass. We propose Parallel Token Prediction (PTP), a general-purpose framework for predicting multiple tokens in a single model call. PTP…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Felix Draxler , Justus Will , Farrin Marouf Sofian , Theofanis Karaletsos , Sameer Singh , Stephan Mandt

In Transformer architectures, tokens\textemdash discrete units derived from raw data\textemdash are formed by segmenting inputs into fixed-length chunks. Each token is then mapped to an embedding, enabling parallel attention computations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Zhenglun Kong , Yize Li , Fanhu Zeng , Lei Xin , Shvat Messica , Xue Lin , Pu Zhao , Manolis Kellis , Hao Tang , Marinka Zitnik

Large language models (LLMs) have recently attracted considerable interest for their ability to perform complex reasoning tasks, such as chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning. However, most of the existing approaches to enhance this ability rely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Xinyi Wang , Lucas Caccia , Oleksiy Ostapenko , Xingdi Yuan , William Yang Wang , Alessandro Sordoni

Supervised learning approaches to offline reinforcement learning, particularly those utilizing the Decision Transformer, have shown effectiveness in continuous environments and for sparse rewards. However, they often struggle with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Joseph Clinton , Robert Lieck

Large Language Models (LLMs) based on autoregressive, decoder-only Transformers generate text one token at a time, where a token represents a discrete unit of text. As each newly produced token is appended to the partial output sequence,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Dimitrios Kafetzis , Ramin Khalili , Iordanis Koutsopoulos

The remarkable success of Chain-of-Thought (CoT), which enhances performance by scaling generation steps at test-time, inspires us to ask: can we leverage a similar scaling of computational steps during pretraining to improve the generation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Boyi Zeng , He Li , Shixiang Song , Yixuan Wang , Zitong Wang , Ziwei He , Xinbing Wang , Zhouhan Lin

Recent endeavors in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) aim to unify visual comprehension and generation by combining LLM and diffusion models, the state-of-the-art in each task, respectively. Existing approaches rely on spatial visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Kaihang Pan , Wang Lin , Zhongqi Yue , Tenglong Ao , Liyu Jia , Wei Zhao , Juncheng Li , Siliang Tang , Hanwang Zhang

We propose a new architectural change, and post-training pipeline, for making LLMs more verbose reasoners by teaching a model to truncate forward passes early. We augment an existing transformer architecture with an early-exit mechanism at…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Elizabeth Pavlova , Mariia Koroliuk , Karthik Viswanathan , Cameron Tice , Edward James Young , Puria Radmard

Generative models, from diffusion models to large language models, achieve remarkable performance but at a cost in training data orders of magnitude larger than what biological learners require. An alternative paradigm has emerged in which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Daniel J. Korchinski , Alessandro Favero , Matthieu Wyart

Emerging generative world models and vision-language-action (VLA) systems are rapidly reshaping automated driving by enabling scalable simulation, long-horizon forecasting, and capability-rich decision making. Across these directions,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Rongxiang Zeng , Yongqi Dong

Latent tokens are gaining attention for enhancing reasoning in large language models (LLMs), yet their internal mechanisms remain unclear. This paper examines the problem from a reliability perspective, uncovering fundamental weaknesses:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Yuyi Zhang , Boyu Tang , Tianjie Ju , Sufeng Duan , Gongshen Liu

Large language models display remarkable capabilities in logical and mathematical reasoning, allowing them to solve complex tasks. Interestingly, these abilities emerge in networks trained on the simple task of next-token prediction. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Eran Malach

In model-based reinforcement learning, the agent interleaves between model learning and planning. These two components are inextricably intertwined. If the model is not able to provide sensible long-term prediction, the executed planner…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-03-19 Nan Rosemary Ke , Amanpreet Singh , Ahmed Touati , Anirudh Goyal , Yoshua Bengio , Devi Parikh , Dhruv Batra

We analyze transformers from the perspective of iterative inference, seeking to understand how model predictions are refined layer by layer. To do so, we train an affine probe for each block in a frozen pretrained model, making it possible…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Nora Belrose , Igor Ostrovsky , Lev McKinney , Zach Furman , Logan Smith , Danny Halawi , Stella Biderman , Jacob Steinhardt

Transformer-based pre-trained models have gained much advance in recent years, becoming one of the most important backbones in natural language processing. Recent work shows that the attention mechanism inside Transformer may not be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-27 Yile Wang , Linyi Yang , Zhiyang Teng , Ming Zhou , Yue Zhang

Transformer-based language models are trained on large datasets to predict the next token given an input sequence. Despite this simple training objective, they have led to revolutionary advances in natural language processing. Underlying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Yingcong Li , Yixiao Huang , M. Emrullah Ildiz , Ankit Singh Rawat , Samet Oymak