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Understanding the uncertainty in large language model (LLM) explanations is important for evaluating their faithfulness and reasoning consistency, and thus provides insights into the reliability of LLM's output regarding a question. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Longchao Da , Xiaoou Liu , Jiaxin Dai , Lu Cheng , Yaqing Wang , Hua Wei

Theory of Mind (ToM)$\unicode{x2014}$the ability to reason about the mental states of other people$\unicode{x2014}$is a key element of our social intelligence. Yet, despite their ever more impressive performance, large-scale neural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Melanie Sclar , Sachin Kumar , Peter West , Alane Suhr , Yejin Choi , Yulia Tsvetkov

Reasoning about time and temporal relations is an integral aspect of human cognition, essential for perceiving the world and navigating our experiences. Though large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in many…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Xinliang Frederick Zhang , Nick Beauchamp , Lu Wang

To what degree should we ascribe cognitive capacities to Large Language Models (LLMs), such as the ability to reason about intentions and beliefs known as Theory of Mind (ToM)? Here we add to this emerging debate by (i) testing 11 base- and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Max J. van Duijn , Bram M. A. van Dijk , Tom Kouwenhoven , Werner de Valk , Marco R. Spruit , Peter van der Putten

Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to attribute mental states to others and predict their behaviour, is fundamental to social intelligence. In this paper, we survey studies evaluating behavioural and representational ToM in Large Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Hieu Minh "Jord" Nguyen

How do language models (LMs) represent characters' beliefs, especially when those beliefs may differ from reality? This question lies at the heart of understanding the Theory of Mind (ToM) capabilities of LMs. We analyze LMs' ability to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Nikhil Prakash , Natalie Shapira , Arnab Sen Sharma , Christoph Riedl , Yonatan Belinkov , Tamar Rott Shaham , David Bau , Atticus Geiger

Do Large Language Models (LLMs) possess a Theory of Mind (ToM)? Research into this question has focused on evaluating LLMs against benchmarks and found success across a range of social tasks. However, these evaluations do not test for the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-27 John Muchovej , Amanda Royka , Shane Lee , Julian Jara-Ettinger

A growing body of work attempts to evaluate the theory of mind (ToM) abilities of humans and large language models (LLMs) using static, non-interactive question-and-answer benchmarks. However, theoretical work in the field suggests that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Jared Moore , Rasmus Overmark , Ned Cooper , Beba Cibralic , Nick Haber , Cameron R. Jones

Human reasoning relies on constructing and manipulating mental models -- simplified internal representations of situations used to understand and solve problems. Conceptual diagrams (e.g., a sketch drawn to aid reasoning) externalize these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Nasim Borazjanizadeh , Roei Herzig , Eduard Oks , Trevor Darrell , Rogerio Feris , Leonid Karlinsky

Theory-of-Mind (ToM) enables humans to infer mental states-such as beliefs, desires, and intentions-forming the foundation of social cognition. However, existing computational ToM methods rely on structured workflows with ToM-specific…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Chunhui Zhang , Zhongyu Ouyang , Kwonjoon Lee , Nakul Agarwal , Sean Dae Houlihan , Soroush Vosoughi , Shao-Yuan Lo

The question of whether large language models (LLMs) possess Theory of Mind (ToM) -- often defined as the ability to reason about others' mental states -- has sparked significant scientific and public interest. However, the evidence as to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Jennifer Hu , Felix Sosa , Tomer Ullman

Do large language models (LLMs) have theory of mind? A plethora of papers and benchmarks have been introduced to evaluate if current models have been able to develop this key ability of social intelligence. However, all rely on limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Melanie Sclar , Jane Yu , Maryam Fazel-Zarandi , Yulia Tsvetkov , Yonatan Bisk , Yejin Choi , Asli Celikyilmaz

Large language models (LLMs) have shown strong performance across natural language reasoning tasks, yet their reasoning processes remain brittle and difficult to interpret. Prompting techniques like Chain-of-Thought (CoT) enhance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Samir Abdaljalil , Hasan Kurban , Khalid Qaraqe , Erchin Serpedin

Existing dynamic Theory of Mind (ToM) benchmarks mostly place language models in a passive role: the model reads a sequence of connected scenarios and reports what people believe, feel, intend, and do as these states change. In real social…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Zhichao Liang , Satoshi Nakamura

While humans naturally develop theory of mind (ToM), the capability to understand other people's mental states and beliefs, state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) underperform on simple ToM benchmarks. We posit that we can extend our…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Chani Jung , Dongkwan Kim , Jiho Jin , Jiseon Kim , Yeon Seonwoo , Yejin Choi , Alice Oh , Hyunwoo Kim

Despite growing interest in Theory of Mind (ToM) tasks for evaluating language models (LMs), little is known about how LMs internally represent mental states of self and others. Understanding these internal mechanisms is critical - not only…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Matteo Bortoletto , Constantin Ruhdorfer , Lei Shi , Andreas Bulling

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) introduce new opportunities for safety monitoring through their Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning. However, CoT is not always faithful to the model's final output, undermining its reliability as a monitoring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Maciej Chrabąszcz , Aleksander Szymczyk , Marcin Sendera , Tomasz Trzciński , Sebastian Cygert

Theory of Mind (ToM)-the ability to reason about the mental states of oneself and others-is a cornerstone of human social intelligence. As Large Language Models (LLMs) become ubiquitous in real-world applications, validating their capacity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Ruirui Chen , Weifeng Jiang , Chengwei Qin , Cheston Tan

We propose MToMnet - a Theory of Mind (ToM) neural network for predicting beliefs and their dynamics during human social interactions from multimodal input. ToM is key for effective nonverbal human communication and collaboration, yet,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-29 Matteo Bortoletto , Constantin Ruhdorfer , Lei Shi , Andreas Bulling

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive accomplishments in both reasoning and planning, their abilities in multi-agent collaborations remains largely unexplored. This study evaluates LLM-based agents in a multi-agent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Huao Li , Yu Quan Chong , Simon Stepputtis , Joseph Campbell , Dana Hughes , Michael Lewis , Katia Sycara