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Large Language Model (LLM) Agents have recently garnered increasing interest yet they are limited in their ability to learn from trial and error, a key element of intelligent behavior. In this work, we argue that the capacity to learn new…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Haiteng Zhao , Chang Ma , Guoyin Wang , Jing Su , Lingpeng Kong , Jingjing Xu , Zhi-Hong Deng , Hongxia Yang

The integration of workflows with large language models (LLMs) enables LLM-based agents to execute predefined procedures, enhancing automation in real-world applications. Traditional rule-based methods tend to limit the inherent flexibility…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Yuchen Shi , Siqi Cai , Zihan Xu , Yuei Qin , Gang Li , Hang Shao , Jiawei Chen , Deqing Yang , Ke Li , Xing Sun

Fulfilling user needs through Large Language Model multi-turn, multi-step tool-use is rarely a straightforward process. Real user interactions are inherently wild, being intricate, messy, and flexible. We identify three key challenges from…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Peijie Yu , Wei Liu , Yifan Yang , Jinjian Li , Zelong Zhang , Xiao Feng , Feng Zhang

Most vision-language models (VLMs) apply a large language model (LLM) as the decoder, where the response tokens are generated sequentially through autoregression. Therefore, the number of output tokens can be the bottleneck of the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Sixun Dong , Juhua Hu , Steven Li , Wei Wen , Qi Qian

In complex multi-agent environments, achieving efficient learning and desirable behaviours is a significant challenge for Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) systems. This work explores the potential of combining MARL with Large…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Philipp D. Siedler , Ian Gemp

A key challenge in transportation planning is that the collective preferences of heterogeneous travelers often diverge from the policies produced by model-driven decision tools. This misalignment frequently results in implementation delays…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Xiaoyu Yan , Tianxing Dai , Yu Marco Nie

Recent studies have uncovered the potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) in addressing complex sequential decision-making tasks through the provision of high-level instructions. However, LLM-based agents lack specialization in tackling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Zihao Zhou , Bin Hu , Chenyang Zhao , Pu Zhang , Bin Liu

Large language models are powerful generalists, yet solving deep and complex problems such as those of the Humanity's Last Exam (HLE) remains both conceptually challenging and computationally expensive. We show that small orchestrators…

Recent multi-agent frameworks built upon large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in complex task planning. However, in real-world enterprise environments, business workflows are typically composed through…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Yiming Xiong , Jian Wang , Bing Li , Yuhan Zhu , Yuqi Zhao

Modern LLM reasoning relies on extensive test-time computation, driven by internal model training and external agentic orchestration. However, this synergy is often inefficient, as model verbosity and poor instruction following lead to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Yuanxin Wang , Pawel Filipczuk , Anisha Garg , Amaan Dhada , Mohammad Hassanpour , David Bick , Ganesh Venkatesh

As increasingly capable large language model (LLM)-based agents are developed, the potential harms caused by misalignment and loss of control grow correspondingly severe. To address these risks, we propose an approach that directly measures…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Seán Boddy , Joshua Joseph

The emergence of multi-agent systems powered by large language models (LLMs) has unlocked new frontiers in complex task-solving, enabling diverse agents to integrate unique expertise, collaborate flexibly, and address challenges…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Jingbo Wang , Sendong Zhao , Haochun Wang , Yuzheng Fan , Lizhe Zhang , Yan Liu , Ting Liu

Building scalable and reusable multi-agent decision policies from offline datasets remains a challenge in offline multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), as existing methods often rely on fixed observation formats and action spaces that…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Zhuohui Zhang , Bin Cheng , Bin He

Large Language Model (LLM) agents have shown significant autonomous capabilities in dynamically searching and incorporating relevant tools or Model Context Protocol (MCP) servers for individual queries. However, fixed context windows limit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Elias Lumer , Anmol Gulati , Vamse Kumar Subbiah , Pradeep Honaganahalli Basavaraju , James A. Burke

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly impacted various domains, especially through organized LLM-driven autonomous agents. A representative scenario is in software development, where agents can collaborate in a team like humans,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Zhuoyun Du , Chen Qian , Wei Liu , Zihao Xie , YiFei Wang , Rennai Qiu , Yufan Dang , Weize Chen , Cheng Yang , Ye Tian , Xuantang Xiong , Lei Han

Autonomous agents driven by Large Language Models (LLMs) offer enormous potential for automation. Early proof of this technology can be found in various demonstrations of agents solving complex tasks, interacting with external systems to…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as one of the most significant technological advancements in artificial intelligence in recent years. Their ability to understand, generate, and reason with natural language has transformed how we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Yanfei Zhang

Large Language Model (LLM) agents, acting on their users' behalf to manipulate and analyze data, are likely to become the dominant workload for data systems in the future. When working with data, agents employ a high-throughput process of…

Large Language Model (LLM)-based agentic systems have shown strong capabilities across various tasks. However, existing multi-agent frameworks often rely on static or task-level workflows, which either over-process simple queries or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Jinwei Su , Qizhen Lan , Yinghui Xia , Lifan Sun , Weiyou Tian , Tianyu Shi , Xinyuan Song , Lewei He , Yang Jingsong

Workflows play a crucial role in enhancing enterprise efficiency by orchestrating complex processes with multiple tools or components. However, hand-crafted workflow construction requires expert knowledge, presenting significant technical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Hanchao Liu , Rongjun Li , Weimin Xiong , Ziyu Zhou , Wei Peng