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This paper explores how natural-language descriptions of formal languages can be compared to their formal representations and how semantic differences can be explained. This is motivated from educational scenarios where learners describe a…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Tristan Kneisel , Marko Schmellenkamp , Fabian Vehlken , Thomas Zeume

Translating natural language into formal language such as First-Order Logic (FOL) is a foundational challenge in NLP with wide-ranging applications in automated reasoning, misinformation tracking, and knowledge validation. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Abhinav Lalwani , Tasha Kim , Lovish Chopra , Christopher Hahn , Zhijing Jin , Mrinmaya Sachan

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at both informal and formal (e.g. Lean 4) mathematical reasoning but still struggle with autoformalisation, the task of transforming informal into formal mathematical statements. Autoformalisation helps…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Yupei Li , Philipp Borchert , Gerasimos Lampouras

Self-evolving reasoning frameworks let LLMs improve their reasoning capabilities by iteratively generating and solving problems without external supervision, using verifiable rewards. Ideally, such systems are expected to explore a diverse…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Vaibhav Mishra

Most generative document models act on bag-of-words input in an attempt to focus on the semantic content and thereby partially forego syntactic information. We argue that it is preferable to keep the original word order intact and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-06 Erik Holmer , Andreas Marfurt

LLM-based evolution has emerged as a promising way to improve agents by refining non-parametric artifacts, but its wall-clock cost remains a major bottleneck. We identify that this cost comes from synchronized stage execution and imbalance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zhengding Hu , Mingge Lu , Zhen Wang , Jixuan Ruan , Chang Chen , Zaifeng Pan , Yue Guan , Ruiyi Wang , Zhongkai Yu , Chao Zhang , Yufei Ding

Complex logical reasoning tasks require a long sequence of reasoning, which a large language model (LLM) with chain-of-thought prompting still falls short. To alleviate this issue, neurosymbolic approaches incorporate a symbolic solver.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Hyun Ryu , Gyeongman Kim , Hyemin S. Lee , Eunho Yang

Formal theorem provers based on large language models (LLMs) are highly sensitive to superficial variations in problem representation: semantically equivalent statements can exhibit drastically different proof success rates, revealing a…

Large language models (LLMs) have advanced general-purpose reasoning, showing strong performance across diverse tasks. However, existing methods often rely on implicit exploration, where the model follows stochastic and unguided reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Jiaxiang Chen , Zhuo Wang , Mingxi Zou , Zhucong Li , Zhijian Zhou , Song Wang , Zenglin Xu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown significant promise in automated theorem proving, yet progress is often constrained by the scarcity of diverse and high-quality formal language data. To address this issue, we introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Xinyuan Zhou , Yi Lei , Xiaoyu Zhou , Jingyi Sun , Yu Zhu , Zhongyi Ye , Weitai Zhang , Quan Liu , Si Wei , Cong Liu

Large language models (LLMs) are advancing at an unprecedented pace globally, with regions increasingly adopting these models for applications in their primary language. Evaluation of these models in diverse linguistic environments,…

Recent advancements in large language models have led to significant improvements across various tasks, including mathematical reasoning, which is used to assess models' intelligence in logical reasoning and problem-solving. Models are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Erez Yosef , Oron Anschel , Shunit Haviv Hakimi , Asaf Gendler , Adam Botach , Nimrod Berman , Igor Kviatkovsky

Logical reasoning is a fundamental task in natural language processing that presents significant challenges to Large Language Models (LLMs). The inherent characteristics of logical reasoning makes it well-suited for symbolic representations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Ramya Keerthy Thatikonda , Jiuzhou Han , Wray Buntine , Ehsan Shareghi

Robustness of reasoning remains a significant challenge for large language models, and addressing it is essential for the practical applicability of AI-driven reasoning systems. We introduce Semantic Self-Verification (SSV), a novel…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Mohammad Raza , Natasa Milic-Frayling

Application of formal models provides many benefits for the software and system development, however, the learning curve of formal languages could be a critical factor for an industrial project. Thus, a natural language specification that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-12-07 Phan Vo Thu Nhat , Maria Spichkova

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive reasoning capabilities, yet existing prompting methods face a critical trade-off: simple approaches often struggle with complex tasks and reasoning stability, while more sophisticated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Guangya Wan , Yuqi Wu , Hao Wang , Shengming Zhao , Jie Chen , Sheng Li

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to evolve programs and multi-agent systems, yet most existing approaches rely on overwrite-based mutations that maintain only a single candidate at a time. Such methods discard useful…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Kamer Ali Yuksel

Evaluating instruction following in Large Language Models requires decomposing instructions into verifiable requirements and assessing satisfaction--tasks currently dependent on manual annotation and uniform criteria that do not align with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Nardine Basta , Dali Kaafar

Large language models hold promise as scientific assistants, yet existing agents either rely solely on algorithm evolution or on deep research in isolation, both of which face critical limitations. Pure algorithm evolution, as in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Gang Liu , Yihan Zhu , Jie Chen , Meng Jiang

We present the ContEvol (continuous evolution) formalism, a family of implicit numerical methods which only need to solve linear equations and are almost symplectic. Combining values and derivatives of functions, ContEvol outputs allow…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-12-23 Kaili Cao