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Whenever possible, the efficacy of a new treatment, such as a drug or behavioral intervention, is investigated by randomly assigning some individuals to a treatment condition and others to a control condition, and comparing the outcomes…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-05-04 Patrick C. Staples , Elizabeth L. Ogburn , Jukka-Pekka Onnela

Treatment noncompliance is pervasive in infectious disease cluster-randomized trials. Although all individuals within a cluster are assigned the same treatment condition, the treatment uptake status may vary across individuals due to…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-19 Chao Cheng , Georgia Papadogeorgou , Fan Li

Educational research often studies subjects that are in naturally clustered groups of classrooms or schools. When designing a randomized experiment to evaluate an intervention directed at teachers, but with effects on teachers and their…

Applications · Statistics 2009-08-17 Brenda Jenney , Sharon Lohr

In settings where interference is present, direct effects are commonly defined as the average effect of a unit's treatment on their own outcome while fixing the treatment status or probability among interfering units, and spillover effects…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-10 Fei Fang , Edoardo M Airoldi , Laura Forastiere

We review and conceptualize recent advances in causal inference under network interference, drawing on a complex and diverse body of work that ranges from causal inference, statistical network analysis, economics, the health sciences, and…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-12 Subhankar Bhadra , Michael Schweinberger

This paper studies how to design two-wave experiments in the presence of spillovers for precise inference on treatment effects. We consider units connected through a single network, local dependence among individuals, and a general class of…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-11-25 Davide Viviano

In most real-world systems units are interconnected and can be represented as networks consisting of nodes and edges. For instance, in social systems individuals can have social ties, family or financial relationships. In settings where…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-07-31 Laura Forastiere , Fabrizia Mealli , Albert Wu , Edoardo Airoldi

We describe a new family of coupling designs, extending the basic principle of stratified randomization to experiments with continuous, constrained multivariate, text/image and other irregular treatment spaces. Our approach is to first…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-04-14 Max Cytrynbaum , Fredrik Sävje

We address estimation of intervention effects in experimental designs in which (a) interventions are assigned at the cluster level; (b) clusters are selected to form pairs, matched on observed characteristics; and (c) intervention is…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-11-24 Zhenke Wu , Constantine E. Frangakis , Thomas A. Louis , Daniel O. Scharfstein

Both cluster randomized trials and quasi-experimental designs are used to evaluate the impact of health and social policies and interventions. Stepped-wedge cluster randomized trials randomize a staggered adoption approach, while recent…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-15 Haidong Lu , Gregg S. Gonsalves , Fan Li , Guanyu Tong , Lee Kennedy-Shaffer

This paper develops a difference-in-differences framework for staggered policy adoption when units can be affected by other units' adoption. For each treated cohort and event time, the framework separates the effect of own adoption, the…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-05-15 Hayato Tagawa

Estimating the effects of interventions in networks is complicated when the units are interacting, such that the outcomes for one unit may depend on the treatment assignment and behavior of many or all other units (i.e., there is…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-08-15 Dean Eckles , Brian Karrer , Johan Ugander

We study linear regression models with clustered data, high-dimensional controls, and intricate exclusion restrictions. We propose a correctly centered internal instrument IV estimator that accommodates a broad class of exclusion…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-03-09 Anna Mikusheva , Mikkel Sølvsten , Baiyun Jing

In cluster-randomized trials (CRTs), there is emerging interest in exploring the causal mechanism in which a cluster-level treatment affects the outcome through an intermediate outcome. The majority of existing causal mediation methods are…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-12 Chao Cheng , Fan Li

Interference occurs when the potential outcomes of a unit depend on the treatment of others. Interference can be highly heterogeneous, where treating certain individuals might have a larger effect on the population's overall outcome. A…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-04-11 Samantha G Dean , Georgia Papadogeorgou , Laura Forastiere

Adaptive sample size re-estimation, early stopping, and trial re-design at interim analyses can reduce expected sample sizes in randomised trials. Cluster randomised trials, in which groups of participants are randomly allocated to…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-09 Samuel I. Watson , James Martin

Experimental designs are fundamental for estimating causal effects. In some fields, within-subjects designs, which expose participants to both control and treatment at different time periods, are used to address practical and logistical…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-08 Justin Ho , Jonathan Min

Typically, trials investigate the impact of either an individual-level intervention on participant outcomes, or the impact of a cluster-level intervention on participant outcomes. Factorial designs consider two (or more) treatments for each…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-04 Rhys Bowden , Rebecca Walwyn , Jessica Kasza , Andrew Copas , Fan Li , James Wason , Andrew Forbes

Randomized experiments are the gold standard for estimating the causal effects of an intervention. In the simplest setting, each experimental unit is randomly assigned to receive treatment or control, and then the outcomes in each treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-06-05 Guillaume Basse , Yi Ding , Panos Toulis

The literature on cluster-randomized trials typically allows for interference within but not across clusters. This may be implausible when units are irregularly distributed across space without well-separated communities, as clusters in…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-29 Michael P. Leung