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Related papers: PrefPO: Pairwise Preference Prompt Optimization

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For aligning large language models (LLMs), prior work has leveraged reinforcement learning via human feedback (RLHF) or variations of direct preference optimization (DPO). While DPO offers a simpler framework based on maximum likelihood…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Anirudhan Badrinath , Prabhat Agarwal , Jiajing Xu

Self-play preference optimization has emerged as a prominent paradigm for aligning large language models (LLMs). It typically involves a language model to generate on-policy responses for prompts and a reward model (RM) to guide the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yao Xiao , Jung-jae Kim , Roy Ka-wei Lee , Lidong Bing

Reinforcement learning algorithms such as group-relative policy optimization (GRPO) have shown strong potential for improving the mathematical reasoning capabilities of large language models. While a growing body of work seeks to improve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Wenquan Lu , Hai Huang , Enqi Liu , Randall Balestriero

Preference alignment is pivotal for empowering large language models (LLMs) to generate helpful and harmless responses. However, the performance of preference alignment is highly sensitive to the prevalent noise in the preference data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Xize Liang , Chao Chen , Shuang Qiu , Jie Wang , Yue Wu , Zhihang Fu , Zhihao Shi , Feng Wu , Jieping Ye

Recent advances in large language models have highlighted the critical need for precise control over model outputs through predefined constraints. While existing methods attempt to achieve this through either direct instruction-response…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Zhouhong Gu , Xingzhou Chen , Xiaoran Shi , Tao Wang , Suhang Zheng , Tianyu Li , Hongwei Feng , Yanghua Xiao

As large language models (LLMs) become more capable, fine-tuning techniques for aligning with human intent are increasingly important. A key consideration for aligning these models is how to most effectively use human resources, or model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-01 William Muldrew , Peter Hayes , Mingtian Zhang , David Barber

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become increasingly popular due to their ability to process and generate natural language. However, as they are trained on massive datasets of text, LLMs can inherit harmful biases and produce outputs that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Qi Gou , Cam-Tu Nguyen

Automatic prompt optimization is an important approach to improving the performance of large language models (LLMs). Recent research demonstrates the potential of using LLMs as prompt optimizers, which can generate improved task prompts via…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Xinyu Tang , Xiaolei Wang , Wayne Xin Zhao , Siyuan Lu , Yaliang Li , Ji-Rong Wen

Most Video Large Language Models (Video-LLMs) adopt preference alignment techniques, e.g., DPO~\citep{rafailov2024dpo}, to optimize the reward margin between a winning response ($y_w$) and a losing response ($y_l$). However, the likelihood…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Xiaodong Wang , Jinfa Huang , Li Yuan , Peixi Peng

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly adapted to downstream tasks via reinforcement learning (RL) methods like Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), which often require thousands of rollouts to learn new tasks. We argue that…

Generative models are increasingly powerful, yet users struggle to guide them through prompts. The generative process is difficult to control and unpredictable, and user instructions may be ambiguous or under-specified. Prior prompt…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Zhipeng Li , Yi-Chi Liao , Christian Holz

Prompt design is a critical factor in the effectiveness of Large Language Models (LLMs), yet remains largely heuristic, manual, and difficult to scale. This paper presents the first comprehensive evaluation of Automatic Prompt Optimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Jayesh Choudhari , Piyush Kumar Singh , Douglas McIlwraith , Snehal Nair

Large Language Models (LLMs) can generate code from natural language, but their performance is highly sensitive to prompt formulation. We propose a reinforcement-learning-based framework that models prompt refinement as a sequential…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Ali Mohammadi Esfahani , Nafiseh Kahani , Samuel A. Ajila

Automatic Prompt Optimization (APO) is a powerful approach for extracting performance from large language models without modifying their weights. Many existing methods rely on trial-and-error, testing different prompts or in-context…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Mayank Singh , Vikas Yadav , Eduardo Blanco

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) significantly enhances the reasoning capability of Large Language Models (LLMs). Current RLVR approaches typically conduct training across all generated tokens, but neglect to explore…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Yiliu Sun , Zicheng Zhao , Yang Wei , Yanfang Zhang , Chen Gong

Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) has become a cornerstone of the training and alignment pipeline for large language models (LLMs). Recent advances, such as direct preference optimization (DPO), have simplified the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Syrine Belakaria , Joshua Kazdan , Charles Marx , Chris Cundy , Willie Neiswanger , Sanmi Koyejo , Barbara E. Engelhardt , Stefano Ermon

We address the problem of making a pre-trained reinforcement learning (RL) policy safety-aware by incorporating cost constraints without retraining it from scratch. While costs could be numerically encoded, we assume a more general setting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Richa Verma , Bavish Kulur , Sanjay Chawla , Balaraman Ravindran

Automatic prompt optimization has recently emerged as a strategy for improving the quality of prompts used in Large Language Models (LLMs), with the goal of generating more accurate and useful responses. However, most prior work focuses on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Juhyeon Lee , Wonduk Seo , Hyunjin An , Seunghyun Lee , Yi Bu

Recently, there has been significant interest in replacing the reward model in Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback (RLHF) methods for Large Language Models (LLMs), such as Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) and its variants. These…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Jian Li , Haojing Huang , Yujia Zhang , Pengfei Xu , Xi Chen , Rui Song , Lida Shi , Jingwen Wang , Hao Xu

The last year has witnessed the rapid progress of large language models (LLMs) across diverse domains. Among them, CodeLLMs have garnered particular attention because they can not only assist in completing various programming tasks but also…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Yibo Miao , Bofei Gao , Shanghaoran Quan , Junyang Lin , Daoguang Zan , Jiaheng Liu , Jian Yang , Tianyu Liu , Zhijie Deng
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