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Large language models (LLMs) have become mainstream technology with their versatile use cases and impressive performance. Despite the countless out-of-the-box applications, LLMs are still not reliable. A lot of work is being done to improve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Aisha Khatun , Daniel G. Brown

Uncertainty calibration is essential for the safe deployment of large language models (LLMs), particularly when users rely on verbalized confidence estimates. While prior work has focused on classifiers or short-form generation, confidence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Chaeyun Jang , Moonseok Choi , Yegon Kim , Hyungi Lee , Juho Lee

There is a growing literature on reasoning by large language models (LLMs), but the discussion on the uncertainty in their responses is still lacking. Our aim is to assess the extent of confidence that LLMs have in their answers and how it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Yudi Pawitan , Chris Holmes

Recently, with the chain of thought (CoT) prompting, large language models (LLMs), e.g., GPT-3, have shown strong reasoning ability in several natural language processing tasks such as arithmetic, commonsense, and logical reasoning.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Yixuan Weng , Minjun Zhu , Fei Xia , Bin Li , Shizhu He , Shengping Liu , Bin Sun , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

Although large language models (LLMs) often produce impressive outputs, it remains unclear how they perform in real-world scenarios requiring strong reasoning skills and expert domain knowledge. We set out to investigate whether close- and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Valentin Liévin , Christoffer Egeberg Hother , Andreas Geert Motzfeldt , Ole Winther

Formal verification via theorem proving enables the expressive specification and rigorous proof of software correctness, but it is difficult to scale due to the significant manual effort and expertise required. While Large Language Models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Minghai Lu , Zhe Zhou , Danning Xie , Songlin Jia , Benjamin Delaware , Tianyi Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) undergo continuous updates to improve user experience. However, prior research on the security and safety implications of LLMs has primarily focused on their specific versions, overlooking the impact of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Yugeng Liu , Tianshuo Cong , Zhengyu Zhao , Michael Backes , Yun Shen , Yang Zhang

While large language models (LLMs) are proficient at question-answering (QA), it is not always clear how (or even if) an answer follows from their latent "beliefs". This lack of interpretability is a growing impediment to widespread use of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Nora Kassner , Oyvind Tafjord , Ashish Sabharwal , Kyle Richardson , Hinrich Schuetze , Peter Clark

Advances in the general capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have led to their use for information retrieval, and as components in automated decision systems. A faithful representation of probabilistic reasoning in these models may…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Gabriel Freedman , Francesca Toni

Multiple Choice Question (MCQ) tests are among the most used methods for evaluating large language models (LLMs). Besides checking the correctness of the selected answer, evaluations often consider the model's confidence through the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Tairan Fu , Javier Conde , Gonzalo Martínez , María Grandury , Pedro Reviriego

Large Language Models (LLMs) often exhibit significant behavioral shifts when they perceive a change from a real-world deployment context to a controlled evaluation setting, a phenomenon known as "evaluation awareness." This discrepancy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Lang Xiong , Nishant Bhargava , Jianhang Hong , Jeremy Chang , Haihao Liu , Vasu Sharma , Kevin Zhu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are fluent but prone to hallucinations, producing answers that appear plausible yet are unsupported by available evidence. This failure is especially problematic in high-stakes domains where decisions must be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 J. Ben Tamo , Yuxing Lu , Benoit L. Marteau , Micky C. Nnamdi , May D. Wang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly embedded in AI-based tutoring systems. Can they faithfully model novice reasoning and metacognitive judgments? Existing evaluations emphasize problem-solving accuracy, overlooking the fragmented…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Conrad Borchers , Jill-Jênn Vie , Roger Azevedo

Large Language Models (LLMs) often produce explanations that do not faithfully reflect the factors driving their predictions. In healthcare settings, such unfaithfulness is especially problematic: explanations that omit salient clinical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Teague McMillan , Gabriele Dominici , Martin Gjoreski , Marc Langheinrich

This study investigates whether repeating questions within prompts influences the performance of large language models (LLMs). We hypothesize that reiterating a question within a single prompt might enhance the model's focus on key elements…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Sagi Shaier , Mario Sanz-Guerrero , Katharina von der Wense

This study introduces a framework for evaluating consistency in large language model (LLM) binary text classification, addressing the lack of established reliability assessment methods. Adapting psychometric principles, we determine sample…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Fadel M. Megahed , Ying-Ju Chen , L. Allision Jones-Farmer , Younghwa Lee , Jiawei Brooke Wang , Inez M. Zwetsloot

Large Language Models (LLMs) promise to streamline software code reviews, but their ability to produce consistent assessments remains an open question. In this study, we tested four leading LLMs -- GPT-4o mini, GPT-4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Eugene Klishevich , Yegor Denisov-Blanch , Simon Obstbaum , Igor Ciobanu , Michal Kosinski

Do larger and more capable language models learn to update their "beliefs" about propositions more consistently with Bayes' theorem when presented with evidence in-context? To test this, we formulate a Bayesian Coherence Coefficient (BCC)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Sohaib Imran , Ihor Kendiukhov , Matthew Broerman , Aditya Thomas , Riccardo Campanella , Rob Lamb , Peter M. Atkinson

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as decision-support tools in data-constrained scientific workflows, where correctness and validity are critical. However, evaluation practices often emphasize stability or reproducibility…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Nazia Riasat

Large language models (LLMs) are capable of generating plausible explanations of how they arrived at an answer to a question. However, these explanations can misrepresent the model's "reasoning" process, i.e., they can be unfaithful. This,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Katie Matton , Robert Osazuwa Ness , John Guttag , Emre Kıcıman