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The increasing demand for deploying large Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models in resource-constrained environments necessitates efficient approaches to address their high memory and computational requirements challenges. Moreover, given that…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-10 HamidReza Imani , Abdolah Amirany , Tarek El-Ghazawi

This work describes and validates an approach for autonomously bifurcating turbulent combustion manifolds to divide regression tasks amongst specialized artificial neural networks (ANNs). This approach relies on the mixture of experts (MoE)…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2019-11-11 Opeoluwa Owoyele , Prithwish Kundu , Pinaki Pal

With the widespread application of Mixture of Experts (MoE) reasoning models in the field of LLM learning, efficiently serving MoE models under limited GPU memory constraints has emerged as a significant challenge. Offloading the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Songkai Ma , Zhaorui Zhang , Sheng Di , Benben Liu , Xiaodong Yu , Xiaoyi Lu , Dan Wang

The sparse activation mechanism of mixture of experts (MoE) model empowers edge intelligence with enhanced training efficiency and reduced computational resource consumption. However, traditional token routing in distributed MoE training…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Long Shi , Bingyan Ou , Kang Wei , Weihao Zhu , Zhe Wang , Zhiyong Chen

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning has demonstrated promising results across various visual adaptation tasks, such as classification and segmentation. Typically, prompt tuning techniques have harnessed knowledge from a single pre-trained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Shentong Mo , Xufang Luo , Dongsheng Li

Accurate univariate forecasting remains a pressing need in real-world systems, such as energy markets, hydrology, retail demand, and IoT monitoring, where signals are often intermittent and horizons span both short- and long-term. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Kyrylo Yemets , Mykola Lukashchuk , Ivan Izonin

We present a new supervised architecture termed Mediated Mixture-of-Experts (MMoE) that allows us to improve classification accuracy of Deep Convolutional Networks (DCN). Our architecture achieves this with the help of expert networks: A…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-11-20 Sebastian Agethen , Winston H. Hsu

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models deliver high quality at low training FLOPs, but this efficiency often vanishes at inference. We identify a double penalty that structurally disadvantages MoE architectures during decoding: first, expert…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Vignesh Adhinarayanan , Nuwan Jayasena

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models enable sparse expert activation, meaning that only a subset of the model's parameters is used during each inference. However, to translate this sparsity into practical performance, an expert caching mechanism…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Duc Hoang , Ajay Jaiswal , Mohammad Samragh , Minsik Cho

As an enabling architecture of Large Models (LMs), Mixture of Experts (MoE) has become prevalent thanks to its sparsely-gated mechanism, which lowers computational overhead while maintaining learning performance comparable to dense LMs. The…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Weihao Zhu , Long Shi , Kang Wei , Zhen Mei , Zhe Wang , Jiaheng Wang , Jun Li

Sparsely-gated mixture-of-experts (MoE) has been widely adopted to scale deep learning models to trillion-plus parameters with fixed computational cost. The algorithmic performance of MoE relies on its token routing mechanism that forwards…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Changho Hwang , Wei Cui , Yifan Xiong , Ziyue Yang , Ze Liu , Han Hu , Zilong Wang , Rafael Salas , Jithin Jose , Prabhat Ram , Joe Chau , Peng Cheng , Fan Yang , Mao Yang , Yongqiang Xiong

Unified image generation and editing models suffer from severe task interference in dense diffusion transformers architectures, where a shared parameter space must compromise between conflicting objectives (e.g., local editing v.s.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Yu Xu , Hongbin Yan , Juan Cao , Yiji Cheng , Tiankai Hang , Runze He , Zijin Yin , Shiyi Zhang , Yuxin Zhang , Jintao Li , Chunyu Wang , Qinglin Lu , Tong-Yee Lee , Fan Tang

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture has become increasingly popular as a method to scale up large language models (LLMs). To save costs, heterogeneity-aware training solutions have been proposed to utilize GPU clusters made up of both…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Yongji Wu , Xueshen Liu , Shuowei Jin , Ceyu Xu , Feng Qian , Z. Morley Mao , Matthew Lentz , Danyang Zhuo , Ion Stoica

The Mixture of Experts architecture allows for outrageously large neural networks by scaling model parameter size independently from computational demand (FLOPs). However, current DNN frameworks cannot effectively support the dynamic data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-03 Ferdinand Kossmann , Zhihao Jia , Alex Aiken

Conventional large language models (LLMs) are equipped with dozens of GB to TB of model parameters, making inference highly energy-intensive and costly as all the weights need to be loaded to onboard processing elements during computation.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Wei-Hsing Huang , Janak Sharda , Cheng-Jhih Shih , Yuyao Kong , Faaiq Waqar , Pin-Jun Chen , Yingyan , Lin , Shimeng Yu

To deploy large Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models cost-effectively, offloading-based single-GPU heterogeneous inference is crucial. While GPU-CPU architectures that offload cold experts are constrained by host memory bandwidth, emerging…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yudong Pan , Yintao He , Tianhua Han , Lian Liu , Shixin Zhao , Zhirong Chen , Mengdi Wang , Cangyuan Li , Yinhe Han , Ying Wang

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) model becomes an important choice of large language models nowadays because of its scalability with sublinear computational complexity for training and inference. However, existing MoE models suffer from two…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Xin Chen , Hengheng Zhang , Xiaotao Gu , Kaifeng Bi , Lingxi Xie , Qi Tian

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures scale Large Language Models via expert specialization induced by conditional computation. In practice, however, expert specialization often fails: some experts become functionally similar, while others…

Mixture of experts (MoE) architectures have become a cornerstone for scaling up and are a key component in most large language models such as GPT-OSS, DeepSeek-V3, Llama-4, and Gemini-2.5. However, systematic research on MoE remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Nam V. Nguyen , Thong T. Doan , Luong Tran , Van Nguyen , Quang Pham

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) layers activate a subset of model weights, dubbed experts, to improve model performance. MoE is particularly promising for deployment on process-in-memory (PIM) architectures, because PIM can naturally fit experts…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Hanyuan Gao , Xiaoxuan Yang