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Speculative decoding is an emerging technique that accelerates large language model (LLM) inference by allowing a smaller draft model to predict multiple tokens in advance, which are then verified or corrected by a larger target model. In…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-10 Ce Zheng , Tingting Yang

Large language models and large multimodal models (LLMs and LMMs) deliver strong generative performance but suffer from slow decoding, a problem that becomes more severe when handling visual inputs, whose sequences typically contain many…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Zihua Wang , Ruibo Li , Haozhe Du , Joey Tianyi Zhou , Yu Zhang , Xu Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) present a critical trade-off between inference quality and computational cost: larger models offer superior capabilities but incur significant latency, while smaller models are faster but less powerful. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Hang Wu , Jianian Zhu , Yinghui Li , Haojie Wang , Biao Hou , Jidong Zhai

Inference efficiency in Large Language Models (LLMs) is fundamentally limited by their serial, autoregressive generation, especially as reasoning becomes a key capability and response sequences grow longer. Speculative decoding (SD) offers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Haoyun Jiang , Junqi He , Feng Hong , Xinlong Yang , Jianwei Zhang , Zheng Li , Zhengyang Zhuge , Zhiyong Chen , Bo Han , Junyang Lin , Jiangchao Yao

Speculative decoding and quantization effectively accelerate memory-bound inference of large language models. Speculative decoding mitigates the memory bandwidth bottleneck by verifying multiple tokens within a single forward pass, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Yudi Zhang , Weilin Zhao , Xu Han , Tiejun Zhao , Wang Xu , Hailong Cao , Conghui Zhu

Large language models (LLMs) have shown outstanding performance across numerous real-world tasks. However, the autoregressive nature of these models makes the inference process slow and costly. Speculative decoding has emerged as a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Zongyue Qin , Zifan He , Neha Prakriya , Jason Cong , Yizhou Sun

Inference latency stands as a critical bottleneck in the large-scale deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs). Speculative decoding methods have recently shown promise in accelerating inference without compromising the output…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Ruilin Wang , Huixia Li , Yuexiao Ma , Xiawu Zheng , Fei Chao , Xuefeng Xiao , Rongrong Ji

With the rapid growth in the number of large language model (LLM) users, it is difficult for bandwidth-constrained cloud servers to simultaneously process massive LLM services in real-time. Recently, edge-cloud infrastructures have been…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Zheming Yang , Yuanhao Yang , Chang Zhao , Qi Guo , Wenkai He , Wen Ji

Speculative decoding is a standard method for accelerating the inference speed of large language models. However, scaling it for production environments poses several engineering challenges, including efficiently implementing different…

Speculative decoding is a relatively new decoding framework that leverages small and efficient draft models to reduce the latency of LLMs. In this study, we introduce GliDe and CaPE, two low-hassle modifications to vanilla speculative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Cunxiao Du , Jing Jiang , Xu Yuanchen , Jiawei Wu , Sicheng Yu , Yongqi Li , Shenggui Li , Kai Xu , Liqiang Nie , Zhaopeng Tu , Yang You

Self-speculative decoding (SSD) accelerates LLM inference by skipping layers to create an efficient draft model, yet existing methods often rely on static heuristics that ignore the dynamic computational overhead of attention in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Seongjin Cha , Gyuwan Kim , Dongsu Han , Tao Yang , Insu Han

Speculative decoding, which combines a draft model with a target model, has emerged as an effective approach to accelerate large language model (LLM) inference. However, existing methods often face a trade-off between the acceptance rate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Danying Ge , Jianhua Gao , Qizhi Jiang , Yifei Feng , Weixing Ji

Speculative decoding has been shown as an effective way to accelerate Large Language Model (LLM) inference by using a Small Speculative Model (SSM) to generate candidate tokens in a so-called speculation phase, which are subsequently…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Fahao Chen , Peng Li , Tom H. Luan , Zhou Su , Jing Deng

Speculative decoding has emerged as a widely adopted paradigm for accelerating large language model inference, where a lightweight draft model rapidly generates candidate tokens that are then verified in parallel by a larger target model.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Yu-Yang Qian , Hao-Cong Wu , Yichao Fu , Hao Zhang , Peng Zhao

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) paradigm has emerged as a promising solution to scale up model capacity while maintaining inference efficiency. However, deploying MoE models across heterogeneous end-cloud environments poses new challenges in…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Zheming Yang , Yunqing Hu , Sheng Sun , Wen Ji

Quantization is widely adopted to accelerate inference and reduce memory consumption in large language models (LLMs). While activation-weight joint quantization enables efficient low-precision decoding, it suffers from substantial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Juntao Zhao , Wenhao Lu , Sheng Wang , Lingpeng Kong , Chuan Wu

Due to the Internet of Everything (IoE), data generated in our life become larger. As a result, we need more effort to analyze the data and extract valuable information. In the cloud computing environment, all data analysis is done in the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Chuan-Chi Lai , Yan-Lin Chen , Bo-Xin Liu , Chuan-Ming Liu

Pervasive mobile AI applications primarily employ one of the two learning paradigms: cloud-based learning (with powerful large models) or on-device learning (with lightweight small models). Despite their own advantages, neither paradigm can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Yan Zhuang , Zhenzhe Zheng , Yunfeng Shao , Bingshuai Li , Fan Wu , Guihai Chen

Speculative decoding (SPD) accelerates large language model (LLM) inference by letting a smaller draft model propose multiple future tokens that are verified in parallel by a larger target model. The dominant SPD paradigm treats the target…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jinze Li , Yixing Xu , Guanchen Li , Jinfeng Xu , Shuo Yang , Yang Zhang , Xuanwu Yin , Dong Li , Edith C. H. Ngai , Emad Barsoum

Speculative decoding has emerged as a widely adopted method to accelerate large language model inference without sacrificing the quality of the model outputs. While this technique has facilitated notable speed improvements by enabling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Jacob K Christopher , Brian R Bartoldson , Tal Ben-Nun , Michael Cardei , Bhavya Kailkhura , Ferdinando Fioretto
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