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Time plays a critical role in how information is generated, retrieved, and interpreted. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive overview of Temporal Question Answering (TQA), a research area that focuses on answering questions involving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Bhawna Piryani , Abdelrahman Abdallah , Jamshid Mozafari , Avishek Anand , Adam Jatowt

Large language models (LLMs) have become increasingly pivotal across various domains, especially in handling complex data types. This includes structured data processing, as exemplified by ChartQA and ChatGPT-Ada, and multimodal…

We introduce TFRBench, the first benchmark designed to evaluate the reasoning capabilities of forecasting systems. Traditionally, time-series forecasting has been evaluated solely on numerical accuracy, treating foundation models as ``black…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Md Atik Ahamed , Mihir Parmar , Palash Goyal , Yiwen Song , Long T. Le , Qiang Cheng , Chun-Liang Li , Hamid Palangi , Jinsung Yoon , Tomas Pfister

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly described as possessing strong reasoning capabilities, supported by high performance on mathematical, logical, and planning benchmarks. However, most existing evaluations rely on aggregate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Md. Fahad Ullah Utsho , Mohd. Ruhul Ameen , Akif Islam , Md. Golam Rashed , Dipankar Das

Evaluation frameworks for text summarization have evolved in terms of both domain coverage and metrics. However, existing benchmarks still lack domain-specific assessment criteria, remain predominantly English-centric, and face challenges…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Hyangsuk Min , Yuho Lee , Minjeong Ban , Jiaqi Deng , Nicole Hee-Yeon Kim , Taewon Yun , Hang Su , Jason Cai , Hwanjun Song

We present a comprehensive evaluation of large language models(LLMs)' ability to reason about composition relations through a benchmark encompassing 1,500 test cases in English, designed to cover six distinct types of composition relations:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Jinman Zhao , Xueyan Zhang

Counterfactual reasoning is widely recognized as one of the most challenging and intricate aspects of causality in artificial intelligence. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of large language models (LLMs) in counterfactual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yuefei Chen , Vivek K. Singh , Jing Ma , Ruixiang Tang

Temporal reasoning about historical events is a critical skill for NLP tasks like event extraction, historical entity linking, temporal question answering, timeline summarization, temporal event clustering and temporal natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Biswadip Mandal , Anant Khandelwal , Manish Gupta

Time series captioning, the task of describing time series in natural language, requires numeric and temporal reasoning, trend interpretation, and contextual understanding. Existing benchmarks, however, often rely on fully synthetic or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Luca Zhou , Pratham Yashwante , Marshall Fisher , Alessio Sampieri , Zihao Zhou , Fabio Galasso , Rose Yu

We introduce an extensive qualitative spatial and temporal reasoning (QSTR) benchmark for evaluating large language models (LLMs). We pose questions concerning compositional reasoning (using composition tables, CT), converse relations, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Anthony G. Cohn , Robert E. Blackwell

Large Language Models (LLMs) are pretrained on textual data up to a specific temporal cutoff. This creates a strict knowledge boundary beyond which models cannot provide accurate information without querying external sources. More subtly,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Piotr Pęzik , Konrad Kaczyński , Maria Szymańska , Filip Żarnecki , Zuzanna Deckert , Jakub Kwiatkowski , Wojciech Janowski

Despite impressive advances in large language models (LLMs), existing benchmarks often focus on single-turn or single-step tasks, failing to capture the kind of iterative reasoning required in real-world settings. To address this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Yiran Zhang , Mo Wang , Xiaoyang Li , Kaixuan Ren , Chencheng Zhu , Usman Naseem

The unwavering disparity in labeled resources between resource-rich languages and those considered low-resource remains a significant impediment for Large Language Models (LLMs). Recent strides in cross-lingual in-context learning (X-ICL),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Ashutosh Bajpai , Tanmoy Chakraborty

With the rapid development and widespread application of Large Language Models (LLMs), multidimensional evaluation has become increasingly critical. However, current evaluations are often domain-specific and overly complex, limiting their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Haitao Wu , Zongbo Han , Joey Tianyi Zhou , Huaxi Huang , Changqing Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly ubiquitous, yet their ability to retain and reason about temporal information remains limited, hindering their application in real-world scenarios where understanding the sequential nature of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Himanshu Beniwal , Dishant Patel , Kowsik Nandagopan D , Hritik Ladia , Ankit Yadav , Mayank Singh

Large reasoning models (LRMs) achieve strong performance on mathematical reasoning tasks, often attributed to their capability to generate explicit chain-of-thought (CoT) explanations. However, recent work shows that LRMs often arrive at…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Yihong Liu , Raoyuan Zhao , Hinrich Schütze , Michael A. Hedderich

Temporal reasoning over tabular data presents substantial challenges for large language models (LLMs), as evidenced by recent research. In this study, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of temporal datasets to pinpoint the specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Irwin Deng , Kushagra Dixit , Vivek Gupta , Dan Roth

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable generalization across diverse tasks, leading individuals to increasingly use them as personal assistants and universal computing engines. Nevertheless, a notable obstacle emerges…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Dimitris Spathis , Fahim Kawsar

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into the software engineering ecosystem. Their test-time compute (TTC) reasoning capabilities show significant potential for understanding program logic and semantics beyond mere…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Yifeng He , Luning Yang , Christopher Castro Gaw Gonzalo , Hao Chen

While model architecture and training objectives are well-studied, tokenization, particularly in multilingual contexts, remains a relatively neglected aspect of Large Language Model (LLM) development. Existing tokenizers often exhibit high…