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Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed natural language processing, demonstrating impressive capabilities across diverse tasks. However, deploying these models introduces critical risks related to intellectual property violations and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Kieu Dang , Phung Lai , NhatHai Phan , Yelong Shen , Ruoming Jin , Abdallah Khreishah , My T. Thai

LLMs now exhibit human-like skills in various fields, leading to worries about misuse. Thus, detecting generated text is crucial. However, passive detection methods are stuck in domain specificity and limited adversarial robustness. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Xi Yang , Kejiang Chen , Weiming Zhang , Chang Liu , Yuang Qi , Jie Zhang , Han Fang , Nenghai Yu

The widely adopted and powerful generative large language models (LLMs) have raised concerns about intellectual property rights violations and the spread of machine-generated misinformation. Watermarking serves as a promising approch to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Ruisi Zhang , Farinaz Koushanfar

With the increasing use of large language models (LLMs) in daily life, concerns have emerged regarding their potential misuse and societal impact. Watermarking is proposed to trace the usage of specific models by injecting patterns into…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Baizhou Huang , Xiaojun Wan

Text watermarking algorithms are crucial for protecting the copyright of textual content. Historically, their capabilities and application scenarios were limited. However, recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Aiwei Liu , Leyi Pan , Yijian Lu , Jingjing Li , Xuming Hu , Xi Zhang , Lijie Wen , Irwin King , Hui Xiong , Philip S. Yu

Large language models (LLMs) are pre-trained and post-trained on vast amounts of loosely curated data, raising the possibility that these models may have been trained on proprietary datasets or the same benchmarks used for evaluation. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Pengrun Huang , Kamalika Chaudhuri , Yu-Xiang Wang

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has raised concerns regarding their potential misuse, particularly in generating fake news and misinformation. To address these risks, watermarking techniques for autoregressive language…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Koichi Nagatsuka , Terufumi Morishita , Yasuhiro Sogawa

Large pre-trained language models (PLMs) have proven to be a crucial component of modern natural language processing systems. PLMs typically need to be fine-tuned on task-specific downstream datasets, which makes it hard to claim the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Chenxi Gu , Chengsong Huang , Xiaoqing Zheng , Kai-Wei Chang , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Watermarking by altering token sampling probabilities based on red-green list is a promising method for tracing the origin of text generated by large language models (LLMs). However, existing watermark methods often struggle with a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Zongqi Wang , Tianle Gu , Baoyuan Wu , Yujiu Yang

Watermarking (WM) is a critical mechanism for detecting and attributing AI-generated content. Current WM methods for Large Language Models (LLMs) are predominantly tailored for autoregressive (AR) models: They rely on tokens being generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Ofek Raban , Ethan Fetaya , Gal Chechik

Despite progress in watermarking algorithms for large language models (LLMs), real-world deployment remains limited. We argue that this gap stems from misaligned incentives among LLM providers, platforms, and end users, which manifest as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Yepeng Liu , Xuandong Zhao , Dawn Song , Gregory W. Wornell , Yuheng Bu

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have highlighted the risk of misusing them, raising the need for accurate detection of LLM-generated content. In response, a viable solution is to inject imperceptible identifiers into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Minjia Mao , Dongjun Wei , Zeyu Chen , Xiao Fang , Michael Chau

Data watermarking in language models injects traceable signals, such as specific token sequences or stylistic patterns, into copyrighted text, allowing copyright holders to track and verify training data ownership. Previous data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Xinyue Cui , Johnny Tian-Zheng Wei , Swabha Swayamdipta , Robin Jia

As large language models (LLMs) generate texts with increasing fluency and realism, there is a growing need to identify the source of texts to prevent the abuse of LLMs. Text watermarking techniques have proven reliable in distinguishing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Lean Wang , Wenkai Yang , Deli Chen , Hao Zhou , Yankai Lin , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou , Xu Sun

The most effective techniques to detect LLM-generated text rely on inserting a detectable signature -- or watermark -- during the model's decoding process. Most existing watermarking methods require access to the underlying LLM's logits,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Yapei Chang , Kalpesh Krishna , Amir Houmansadr , John Wieting , Mohit Iyyer

Deep neural networks are valuable assets considering their commercial benefits and huge demands for costly annotation and computation resources. To protect the copyright of DNNs, backdoor-based ownership verification becomes popular…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Guanhao Gan , Yiming Li , Dongxian Wu , Shu-Tao Xia

With the rapid advancement and extensive application of artificial intelligence technology, large language models (LLMs) are extensively used to enhance production, creativity, learning, and work efficiency across various domains. However,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Yuqing Liang , Jiancheng Xiao , Wensheng Gan , Philip S. Yu

In recent trends, one can observe Large Language Models (LLMs) are exposed to backdoor attacks where vicious triggers added during training or model editing to elicit harmful outputs on specific input patterns while maintaining clean…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Jagadeesh Rachapudi , Ritali Vatsi , Pranav Singh , Praful Hambarde , Amit Shukla

Potential harms of large language models can be mitigated by watermarking model output, i.e., embedding signals into generated text that are invisible to humans but algorithmically detectable from a short span of tokens. We propose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-03 John Kirchenbauer , Jonas Geiping , Yuxin Wen , Jonathan Katz , Ian Miers , Tom Goldstein

As open-source large language models (LLMs) like Llama3 become more capable, it is crucial to develop watermarking techniques to detect their potential misuse. Existing watermarking methods either add watermarks during LLM inference, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Yijie Xu , Aiwei Liu , Xuming Hu , Lijie Wen , Hui Xiong