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Standard supervised learning breaks down under data distribution shift. However, the principle of independent causal mechanisms (ICM, Peters et al. (2017)) can turn this weakness into an opportunity: one can take advantage of distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Jens Müller , Robert Schmier , Lynton Ardizzone , Carsten Rother , Ullrich Köthe

Some autoregressive models exhibit in-context learning capabilities: being able to learn as an input sequence is processed, without undergoing any parameter changes, and without being explicitly trained to do so. The origins of this…

Large-scale foundation models for scientific machine learning adapt to physical settings unseen during training, such as zero-shot transfer between turbulent scales. This phenomenon, in-context learning, challenges conventional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Anthony Bao , Jeffrey Lai , William Gilpin

Transformers have become a standard architecture in machine learning, demonstrating strong in-context learning (ICL) abilities that allow them to learn from the prompt at inference time. However, uncertainty quantification for ICL remains…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-04-23 Zhe Huang , Simone Rossi , Rui Yuan , Thomas Hannagan

When machine learning models are deployed on a test distribution different from the training distribution, they can perform poorly, but overestimate their performance. In this work, we aim to better estimate a model's performance under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Ching-Yao Chuang , Antonio Torralba , Stefanie Jegelka

In the problem of learning mixtures of linear regressions, the goal is to learn a collection of signal vectors from a sequence of (possibly noisy) linear measurements, where each measurement is evaluated on an unknown signal drawn uniformly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-01 Akshay Krishnamurthy , Arya Mazumdar , Andrew McGregor , Soumyabrata Pal

In-context learning (ICL) is one of the surprising and useful features of large language models and subject of intense research. Recently, stylized meta-learning-like ICL setups have been devised that train transformers on sequences of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Madhur Panwar , Kabir Ahuja , Navin Goyal

Transformers (Vaswani et al., 2017) have brought a remarkable improvement in the performance of neural machine translation (NMT) systems but they could be surprisingly vulnerable to noise. In this work, we try to investigate how noise…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-13 Peyman Passban , Puneeth S. M. Saladi , Qun Liu

Transformer models can use two fundamentally different kinds of information: information stored in weights during training, and information provided ``in-context'' at inference time. In this work, we show that transformers exhibit different…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Stephanie C. Y. Chan , Ishita Dasgupta , Junkyung Kim , Dharshan Kumaran , Andrew K. Lampinen , Felix Hill

Despite the widespread success of Transformers on NLP tasks, recent works have found that they struggle to model several formal languages when compared to recurrent models. This raises the question of why Transformers perform well in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Satwik Bhattamishra , Arkil Patel , Varun Kanade , Phil Blunsom

We study the Gaussian Process regression model in the context of training data with noise in both input and output. The presence of two sources of noise makes the task of learning accurate predictive models extremely challenging. However,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-07-03 Cuong Tran , Vladimir Pavlovic , Robert Kopp

Unsupervised meta-learning aims to learn feature representations from unsupervised datasets that can transfer to downstream tasks with limited labeled data. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to unsupervised meta-learning that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Anna Vettoruzzo , Lorenzo Braccaioli , Joaquin Vanschoren , Marlena Nowaczyk

Large transformer models trained on diverse datasets have shown a remarkable ability to learn in-context, achieving high few-shot performance on tasks they were not explicitly trained to solve. In this paper, we study the in-context…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Jonathan N. Lee , Annie Xie , Aldo Pacchiano , Yash Chandak , Chelsea Finn , Ofir Nachum , Emma Brunskill

Despite the celebrated success of stochastic control approaches for uncertain systems, such approaches are limited in the ability to handle non-Gaussian uncertainties. This work presents an adaptive robust control for linear uncertain…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-13 Xuehui Ma , Shiliang Zhang , Zhiyong Sun , Xiaohui Zhang , Sabita Maharjan

Learning-based control methods typically assume stationary system dynamics, an assumption often violated in real-world systems due to drift, wear, or changing operating conditions. We study reinforcement learning for control under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Klemens Iten , Bruce Lee , Chenhao Li , Lenart Treven , Andreas Krause , Bhavya Sukhija

Most research designing novel predictive models, or employing existing ones, assumes that training and testing data are independent and identically distributed. In practice, the data encountered at serving time often deviate from the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Hanyu Duan , Yi Yang , Ahmed Abbasi , Kar Yan Tam

While additional training data improves the robustness of deep neural networks against adversarial examples, it presents the challenge of curating a large number of specific real-world samples. We circumvent this challenge by using…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-04 Vikash Sehwag , Saeed Mahloujifar , Tinashe Handina , Sihui Dai , Chong Xiang , Mung Chiang , Prateek Mittal

Inferring networks from observed time series data presents a clear glimpse into the interconnections among nodes. Network inference models, when dealing with real-world open cases, especially in the presence of observational noise,…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Kai Wu , Yuanyuan Li , Jing Liu

In this work we revisit two classic high-dimensional online learning problems, namely linear regression and contextual bandits, from the perspective of adversarial robustness. Existing works in algorithmic robust statistics make strong…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Sitan Chen , Frederic Koehler , Ankur Moitra , Morris Yau

We explore the capability of transformers to address endogeneity in in-context linear regression. Our main finding is that transformers inherently possess a mechanism to handle endogeneity effectively using instrumental variables (IV).…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-13 Haodong Liang , Krishnakumar Balasubramanian , Lifeng Lai