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In this paper, we propose a spatial-temporal learning-based distributed routing framework for dynamic Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks, where graph attention networks (GAT) and long short-term memory (LSTM) are integrated within a…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Po-Heng Chou , Chiapin Wang , Shou-Yu Chen , Hsiang-Ming Wang

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks, characterized by their high data throughput and low latency, have gained significant interest from both industry and academia. Routing data efficiently within these networks is essential for…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Yi Ching Chou , Long Chen , Hengzhi Wang , Feng Wang , Hao Fang , Haoyuan Zhao , Miao Zhang , Xiaoyi Fan , Jiangchuan Liu

Low earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication systems have gained increasing attention as a crucial supplement to terrestrial wireless networks due to their extensive coverage area. This letter presents a novel system design for LEO…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Shining Lin , Jiancheng An , Lu Gan , Mérouane Debbah , Chau Yuen

End-to-end routing in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations (LSatCs) is a complex and dynamic problem. The topology, of finite size, is dynamic and predictable, the traffic from/to Earth and transiting the space segment is highly…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Beatriz Soret , Israel Leyva-Mayorga , Federico Lozano-Cuadra , Mathias D. Thorsager

In real-time and high-resolution Earth observation imagery, Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites capture images that are subsequently transmitted to ground to create an updated map of an area of interest. Such maps provide valuable information…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Israel Leyva-Mayorga , Marc M. Gost , Marco Moretti , Ana Pérez-Neira , Miguel Ángel Vázquez , Petar Popovski , Beatriz Soret

Low earth orbit (LEO) satellite-assisted integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) systems have been extensively studied to achieve ubiquitous connectivity. However, the severe signal attenuation and limited transmit power at LEO…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-07 Hanfu Zhang , Erwu Liu

Mega low earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellation is promising in achieving global coverage with high capacity. However, forwarding packets in mega constellation faces long end-to-end delay caused by multi-hop routing and high-complexity…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Xin'ao Feng , Yaohua Sun , Mugen Peng

We propose an architecture with accompanying protocol for on-board satellite data infrastructure designed for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) constellations offering communication services, such as direct-to-cell connectivity. Our design leverages…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Thomas Sandholm , Sayandev Mukherjee , Bernardo A Huberman

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks introduce unique congestion control (CC) challenges due to frequent handovers, rapidly changing round-trip times (RTTs), and non-congestive loss. This paper presents the first comprehensive,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Mihai Mazilu , Aiden Valentine , George Parisis

Multi orbit low earth orbit (LEO) satellites communication is envisioned as a key infrastructure to deliver global coverage, enabling future services from space air ground integrated networks.However, the optimized design of LEO which…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-18 Yingzhuo Sun , Yulan Gao , Ming Xiao , Zhu Han , Octavia A. Dobre

While thousands of satellites photograph Earth every day, most of that data never makes it to the ground because downlink bandwidth simply cannot keep up. Processing data in the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) zone offers promising capabilities to…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Thomas Sandholm , Bernardo A. Huberman , Klas Segeljakt , Paris Carbone

The highly dynamic nature of Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks introduces challenges that existing transport protocols fail to address, including non-congestive latency variation and loss, transient congestion hotspots, and frequent…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Aiden Valentine , Ian Wakeman , George Parisis

Low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellites have been prosperously deployed for various Earth observation missions due to its capability of collecting a large amount of image or sensor data. However, traditionally, the data training process is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Chih-Yu Chen , Li-Hsiang Shen , Kai-Ten Feng , Lie-Liang Yang , Jen-Ming Wu

We consider in this paper a new intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-aided LEO satellite communication system, by utilizing the controllable phase shifts of massive passive reflecting elements to achieve flexible beamforming, which copes…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Beixiong Zheng , Shaoe Lin , Rui Zhang

Networked low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations enabled by inter-satellite links offer a promising path toward ubiquitous broadband non-terrestrial services. However, fast orbital motion induces frequent scheduling updates and…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-10 Yuchen Zhang , Eva Lagunas , Symeon Chatzinotas , Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri

Future satellite networks are expected to have thousands of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites orbiting Earth at very high speeds. User equipment (UE) communicating directly with LEO satellites will experience frequent handovers. Managing the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Mohamed Hozayen , Tasneem Darwish , Gunes Karabulut , Halim Yanikomeroglu

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites, as a prominent technology in the 6G non-terrestrial network, offer both positioning and communication capabilities. While these two applications have each been extensively studied and have achieved…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-03 Jie Ma , Pinjun Zheng , Xing Liu , Yuchen Zhang , Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri

As a key complement to terrestrial networks and a fundamental component of future 6G systems, Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks are expected to provide high-quality communication services when integrated with ground-based…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Zixuan Song , Zhishu Shen , Xiaoyu Zheng , Qiushi Zheng , Zheng Lei , Jiong Jin

Marine Internet of Things (IoT) systems have grown substantially with the development of non-terrestrial networks (NTN) via aerial and space vehicles in the upcoming sixth-generation (6G), thereby assisting environment protection, military…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-01-11 Sooyeob Jung , Seongah Jeong , Jinkyu Kang , Joonhyuk Kang

Emerging Low Earth Orbit (LEO) broadband constellations hold significant potential to provide advanced Internet services due to inherent geometric features of the grid topology. However, high dynamics, unstable topology changes, and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Menglan Hu , Chenxin Wang , Bin Cao , Benkuan Zhou , Yan Dong , Kai Peng