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Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly aligned with human preferences through Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF). Among RLHF methods, Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has gained attention for its simplicity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Yuhang Zhou , Jing Zhu , Shengyi Qian , Zhuokai Zhao , Xiyao Wang , Xiaoyu Liu , Ming Li , Paiheng Xu , Wei Ai , Furong Huang

Reinforcement learning has significantly enhanced the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in complex problem-solving tasks. Recently, the introduction of DeepSeek R1 has inspired a surge of interest in leveraging…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Jinghang Han , Jiawei Chen , Hang Shao , Hao Ma , Mingcheng Li , Xintian Shen , Lihao Zheng , Wei Chen , Tao Wei , Lihua Zhang

Machine unlearning has gained increasing attention in recent years, as a promising technique to selectively remove unwanted privacy or copyrighted information from Large Language Models that are trained on a massive scale of human data.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Junyi Li , Yongqiang Chen , Ningning Ding

Recently, Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have gradually become a research hotspot due to their outstanding performance in handling complex tasks. Among them, DeepSeek R1 has garnered significant attention for its exceptional performance and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Linan Yue , Yichao Du , Yizhi Wang , Weibo Gao , Fangzhou Yao , Li Wang , Ye Liu , Ziyu Xu , Qi Liu , Shimin Di , Min-Ling Zhang

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) is widely utilized in the Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) phase to align Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences, thereby enhancing both their harmlessness and efficacy.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Wei Liu , Yang Bai , Chengcheng Han , Rongxiang Weng , Jun Xu , Xuezhi Cao , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards has shown notable effectiveness in enhancing large language models (LLMs) reasoning performance, especially in mathematics tasks. However, such improvements often come with reduced outcome…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Chenyi Li , Yuan Zhang , Bo Wang , Guoqing Ma , Wei Tang , Haoyang Huang , Nan Duan

Reinforcement learning (RL) is effective in enhancing the accuracy of large language models in complex reasoning tasks. Existing RL policy optimization frameworks rely on final-answer correctness as feedback signals and rarely capture the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Jinghan Zhang , Fengran Mo , Tharindu Cyril Weerasooriya , Ruimin Dai , Xiaoyan Han , Yanjie Fu , Dakuo Wang , Kunpeng Liu

Recent work on enhancing the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs) has introduced explicit length control as a means of constraining computational cost while preserving accuracy. However, existing approaches rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Hasan Abed Al Kader Hammoud , Kumail Alhamoud , Abed Hammoud , Elie Bou-Zeid , Marzyeh Ghassemi , Bernard Ghanem

Much of the recent success of deep reinforcement learning has been driven by regularized policy optimization (RPO) algorithms with strong performance across multiple domains. In this family of methods, agents are trained to maximize…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-24 Ted Moskovitz , Michael Arbel , Jack Parker-Holder , Aldo Pacchiano

Scaling test-time compute is crucial for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). Existing approaches typically employ reinforcement learning (RL) to maximize a verifiable reward obtained at the end of reasoning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Penghui Qi , Zichen Liu , Tianyu Pang , Chao Du , Wee Sun Lee , Min Lin

Post-training has significantly enhanced the reasoning capability of Large Reasoning Models (LRMs), especially with Reinforcement Learning (RL) like Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO). However, GRPO-style RL methods in multi-domain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Zongji Yu , Wenshui Luo , Yiliu Sun , Hao Fang , Runmin Cong , Chaochao Lu , Chen Gong

With the rapid development and widespread application of Large Language Models (LLMs), their potential safety risks have attracted widespread attention. Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) has been adopted to enhance the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Shiji Zhao , Mengyang Wang , Shukun Xiong , Fangzhou Chen , Qihui Zhu , Shouwei Ruan , Yisong Xiao , Ranjie Duan , Xun Chen , XingXing Wei

Inference scaling further accelerates Large Language Models (LLMs) toward Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), with large-scale Reinforcement Learning (RL) to unleash long Chain-of-Thought reasoning. Most contemporary reasoning approaches…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Xuerui Su , Liya Guo , Yue Wang , Yi Zhu , Zhiming Ma , Zun Wang , Yuting Liu

Large language models (LLMs) have shown great potential in natural language processing tasks, but their application to machine translation (MT) remains challenging due to pretraining on English-centric data and the complexity of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Guofeng Cui , Pichao Wang , Yang Liu , Zemian Ke , Zhu Liu , Vimal Bhat

While Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has exhibited promise in utilizing external knowledge, its generation process heavily depends on the quality and accuracy of the retrieved context. Large language models (LLMs) struggle to evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Shi-Qi Yan , Quan Liu , Zhen-Hua Ling

Reinforcement Learning (RL) plays a crucial role in aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences and improving their ability to perform complex tasks. However, current approaches either require significant computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Kaixuan Ji , Guanlin Liu , Ning Dai , Qingping Yang , Renjie Zheng , Zheng Wu , Chen Dun , Quanquan Gu , Lin Yan

Improving and understanding the training dynamics and reasoning of Large Language Models (LLMs) has become essential for their deployment in AI-based security tools, such as software vulnerability detection. In this work, we present an…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Marco Simoni , Aleksandar Fontana , Giulio Rossolini , Andrea Saracino

We introduce robustness in \textit{restless multi-armed bandits} (RMABs), a popular model for constrained resource allocation among independent stochastic processes (arms). Nearly all RMAB techniques assume stochastic dynamics are precisely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-23 Jackson A. Killian , Lily Xu , Arpita Biswas , Milind Tambe

A major challenge in aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences is the issue of distribution shift. LLM alignment algorithms rely on static preference datasets, assuming that they accurately represent real-world user…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Zaiyan Xu , Sushil Vemuri , Kishan Panaganti , Dileep Kalathil , Rahul Jain , Deepak Ramachandran

Post-training paradigms for Large Language Models (LLMs), primarily Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) and Reinforcement Learning (RL), face a fundamental dilemma: SFT provides stability (low variance) but suffers from high fitting bias, while RL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Taojie Zhu , Dongyang Xu , Ding Zou , Sen Zhao , Qiaobo Hao , Zhiguo Yang , Yonghong He