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Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) demonstrates significant potential in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, existing RLVR methods are often constrained by issues such as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Jinpeng Wang , Chao Li , Ting Ye , Mengyuan Zhang , Wei Liu , Jian Luan

We consider the problem of learning a control policy that is robust against the parameter mismatches between the training environment and testing environment. We formulate this as a distributionally robust reinforcement learning (DR-RL)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Zaiyan Xu , Kishan Panaganti , Dileep Kalathil

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has significantly advanced the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, methods such as GRPO and DAPO suffer from substantial computational cost, since they rely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Haobo Xu , Sirui Chen , Ruizhong Qiu , Yuchen Yan , Chen Luo , Monica Cheng , Jingrui He , Hanghang Tong

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has enabled large language models (LLMs) to achieve remarkable breakthroughs in reasoning tasks with objective ground-truth answers, such as mathematics and code generation. However, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Ruipeng Jia , Yunyi Yang , Yongbo Gai , Kai Luo , Shihao Huang , Jianhe Lin , Xiaoxi Jiang , Guanjun Jiang

Preference-based reinforcement learning (PbRL) has shown impressive capabilities in training agents without reward engineering. However, a notable limitation of PbRL is its dependency on substantial human feedback. This dependency stems…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Fengshuo Bai , Rui Zhao , Hongming Zhang , Sijia Cui , Ying Wen , Yaodong Yang , Bo Xu , Lei Han

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has delivered impressive gains in mathematical and multimodal reasoning and has become a standard post-training paradigm for contemporary language and vision-language models. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Hoang Phan , Xianjun Yang , Kevin Yao , Jingyu Zhang , Shengjie Bi , Xiaocheng Tang , Madian Khabsa , Lijuan Liu , Deren Lei

The alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs) utilizes Reinforcement Learning from AI Feedback (RLAIF) for non-verifiable domains such as long-form question answering and open-ended instruction following. These domains often rely on LLM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Nirmal Patel , Fei Wang , Inderjit S. Dhillon

Deep Research agents tackle knowledge-intensive tasks through multi-round retrieval and decision-oriented generation. While reinforcement learning (RL) has been shown to improve performance in this paradigm, its contributions remain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Yinuo Xu , Shuo Lu , Jianjie Cheng , Meng Wang , Qianlong Xie , Xingxing Wang , Ran He , Jian Liang

The success of Deepseek-R1 has drawn the LLM community's attention to reinforcement learning (RL) methods like GRPO. However, such rule-based 0/1 outcome reward methods lack the capability to regulate the intermediate reasoning processes…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Muzhi Dai , Shixuan Liu , Qingyi Si

Leveraging the model's internal information as the self-reward signal in Reinforcement Learning (RL) has received extensive attention due to its label-free nature. While prior works have made significant progress in applying the Test-Time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Xizhong Yang , Yinan Xia , Huiming Wang , Mofei Song

Reinforcement Learning from Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for enhancing the complex reasoning capabilities of Large Reasoning Models. However, standard outcome-based supervision suffers from a critical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Yanwei Ren , Haotian Zhang , Likang Xiao , Xikai Zhang , Jiaxing Huang , Jiayan Qiu , Baosheng Yu , Quan Chen , Liu Liu

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) demonstrates promising potential in advancing the reasoning capabilities of LLMs. However, its success remains largely confined to mathematical and code domains. This primary limitation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Tianyu Yu , Bo Ji , Shouli Wang , Shu Yao , Zefan Wang , Ganqu Cui , Lifan Yuan , Ning Ding , Yuan Yao , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun , Tat-Seng Chua

While distributional reinforcement learning (DistRL) has been empirically effective, the question of when and why it is better than vanilla, non-distributional RL has remained unanswered. This paper explains the benefits of DistRL through…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Kaiwen Wang , Kevin Zhou , Runzhe Wu , Nathan Kallus , Wen Sun

In reinforcement learning (RL), the consideration of multivariate reward signals has led to fundamental advancements in multi-objective decision-making, transfer learning, and representation learning. This work introduces the first…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Harley Wiltzer , Jesse Farebrother , Arthur Gretton , Mark Rowland

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has markedly enhanced the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs). Its success, however, largely depends on strong base models with rich world knowledge, yielding only modest…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Yongxin Guo , Wenbo Deng , Zhenglin Cheng , Xiaoying Tang

Many real-world sequential decision making problems are partially observable by nature, and the environment model is typically unknown. Consequently, there is great need for reinforcement learning methods that can tackle such problems given…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-08 Maximilian Igl , Luisa Zintgraf , Tuan Anh Le , Frank Wood , Shimon Whiteson

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) is central to training modern reasoning models, but the undisclosed training data raises concerns about benchmark contamination. Unlike pretraining methods, which optimize models using…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Hongbo Zhang , Yue Yang , Jianhao Yan , Guangsheng Bao , Yue Zhang , Yue Zhang

Recent advances highlight Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) as a promising method for enhancing LLMs' capabilities. However, it remains unclear whether the current practice of RLVR truly expands a model's reasoning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Fang Wu , Weihao Xuan , Ximing Lu , Mingjie Liu , Yi Dong , Zaid Harchaoui , Yejin Choi

Preference-based Reinforcement Learning (PbRL) is a paradigm in which an RL agent learns to optimize a task using pair-wise preference-based feedback over trajectories, rather than explicit reward signals. While PbRL has demonstrated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Wenhao Zhan , Masatoshi Uehara , Wen Sun , Jason D. Lee

Alignment is vital for safely deploying large language models (LLMs). Existing techniques are either reward-based (training a reward model on preference pairs and optimizing with reinforcement learning) or reward-free (directly fine-tuning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Ruoxi Cheng , Haoxuan Ma , Weixin Wang , Ranjie Duan , Jiexi Liu , Xiaoshuang Jia , Simeng Qin , Xiaochun Cao , Yang Liu , Xiaojun Jia