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This study presents the development of multivariate functional Moran's I, along with a novel approach termed multivariate functional areal spatial principal component analysis (mfasPCA), specifically designed for analyzing functional areal…

Functional data analysis is concerned with the analysis of infinite-dimensional data functions. Functional principal component analysis (FPCA) is a key method to obtain finite-dimensional summaries. Consistency of FPCA has been…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-24 Tim Kutta , Nina Dörnemann , Piotr Kokoszka

The literature on high-dimensional functional data focuses on either the dependence over time or the correlation among functional variables. In this paper, we propose a factor-guided functional principal component analysis (FaFPCA) method…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-11-23 Shoudao Wen , Huazhen Lin

Objective: In some situations that exist both scalar and functional data, called mixed and hybrid data, the hybrid PCA (HPCA) was introduced. Among the regression models for the hybrid data, we can count covariate-adjusted HPCA, the…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-01-20 Mohammad Fayaz , Alireza Abadi , Soheila Khodakarim

In modern industrial settings, advanced acquisition systems allow for the collection of data in the form of profiles, that is, as functional relationships linking responses to explanatory variables. In this context, statistical process…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-30 Fabio Centofanti

Analyzing longitudinal data in health studies is challenging due to sparse and error-prone measurements, strong within-individual correlation, missing data and various trajectory shapes. While mixed-effect models (MM) effectively address…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-11 Corentin Ségalas , Catherine Helmer , Robin Genuer , Cécile Proust-Lima

Functional Principal Components Analysis (FPCA) is a widely used analytic tool for dimension reduction of functional data. Traditional implementations of FPCA estimate the principal components from the data, then treat these estimates as…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-03 Joseph Sartini , Xinkai Zhou , Liz Selvin , Scott Zeger , Ciprian Crainiceanu

Functional principal component analysis (FPCA) has played an important role in the development of functional time series analysis. This note investigates how FPCA can be used to analyze cointegrated functional time series and proposes a…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-04-18 Won-Ki Seo

In this paper we review existing methods for robust functional principal component analysis (FPCA) and propose a new method for FPCA that can be applied to longitudinal data where only a few observations per trajectory are available. This…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-12-04 Graciela Boente , Matias Salibian-Barrera

Functional principal component analysis (FPCA) is a fundamental tool and has attracted increasing attention in recent decades, while existing methods are restricted to data with a single or finite number of random functions (much smaller…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-01-22 Xiaoyu Hu , Fang Yao

We consider spatially dependent functional data collected under a geostatistics setting, where locations are sampled from a spatial point process. The functional response is the sum of a spatially dependent functional effect and a spatially…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-06-18 Haozhe Zhang , Yehua Li

Functional Principal Components Analysis (FPCA) provides a parsimonious, semi-parametric model for multivariate, sparsely-observed functional data. Frequentist FPCA approaches estimate principal components (PCs) from the data, then…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-11 Joseph Sartini , Scott Zeger , Ciprian Crainiceanu

Functional principal component analysis (FPCA) based on the Karhunen--Lo\`{e}ve decomposition has been successfully applied in many applications, mainly for one sample problems. In this paper we consider common functional principal…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2009-01-28 Michal Benko , Wolfgang Härdle , Alois Kneip

Functional principal component analysis (FPCA) could become invalid when data involve non-Gaussian features. Therefore, we aim to develop a general FPCA method to adapt to such non-Gaussian cases. A Kenall's $\tau$ function, which possesses…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-18 Rou Zhong , Shishi Liu , Haocheng Li , Jingxiao Zhang

Traditional Functional Principal Component Analysis typically focuses on densely observed univariate functional data, yet many applications, particularly in longitudinal studies, involve multivariate functional data observed sparsely and…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-23 Uche Mbaka , Michelle Carey

When measurements fall below or above a detection threshold, the resulting data are missing not at random (MNAR), posing challenges for statistical analysis. For example, in longitudinal biomarker studies, observations may be subject to…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-21 Haiyan Liu , Jeanine Houwing-Duistermaat

Understanding and predicting the electric consumption patterns in the short-, mid- and long-term, at the distribution and transmission level, is a fundamental asset for smart grids infrastructure planning, dynamic network reconfiguration,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-02-27 Davide Beretta , Samuele Grillo , Davide Pigoli , Enea Bionda , Claudio Bossi , Carlo Tornelli

Functional principal component analysis has been shown to be invaluable for revealing variation modes of longitudinal outcomes, which serves as important building blocks for forecasting and model building. Decades of research have advanced…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-10-07 Peijun Sang , Dehan Kong , Shu Yang

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a widely used unsupervised dimensionality reduction technique in machine learning, applied across various fields such as bioinformatics, computer vision and finance. However, when the response variables…

Applications · Statistics 2025-06-25 Theodosios Papazoglou , Guosheng Yin

This paper focuses on the analysis of spatially correlated functional data. The between-curve correlation is modeled by correlating functional principal component scores of the functional data. We propose a Spatial Principal Analysis by…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2014-11-19 Chong Liu , Surajit Ray , Giles Hooker