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Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) for text generation. In particular, recent LLMs such as ChatGPT and GPT-4 can engage in fluent conversations with users after…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Jonathan D. Chang , Kiante Brantley , Rajkumar Ramamurthy , Dipendra Misra , Wen Sun

Large language models (LLMs) are predominantly used as evaluators for natural language generation (NLG) tasks, but their application to broader evaluation scenarios remains limited. In this work, we explore the potential of LLMs as general…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Jie Meng , Jin Mao

Recent advances in Large Language Model (LLM) agents have demonstrated their promising general capabilities. However, their performance in specialized real-world domains often degrades due to challenges in effectively integrating external…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Yuzheng Cai , Siqi Cai , Yuchen Shi , Zihan Xu , Lichao Chen , Yulei Qin , Xiaoyu Tan , Gang Li , Zongyi Li , Haojia Lin , Yong Mao , Ke Li , Xing Sun

LLM-powered agents face a persistent challenge: learning from their execution experiences to improve future performance. While agents can successfully complete many tasks, they often repeat inefficient patterns, fail to recover from similar…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Gaodan Fang , Vatche Isahagian , K. R. Jayaram , Ritesh Kumar , Vinod Muthusamy , Punleuk Oum , Gegi Thomas

Using tools by Large Language Models (LLMs) is a promising avenue to extend their reach beyond language or conversational settings. The number of tools can scale to thousands as they enable accessing sensory information, fetching updated…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Mohammad Kachuee , Sarthak Ahuja , Vaibhav Kumar , Puyang Xu , Xiaohu Liu

Recent months have seen the emergence of a powerful new trend in which large language models (LLMs) are augmented to become autonomous language agents capable of performing objective oriented multi-step tasks on their own, rather than…

Although Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated extraordinary capabilities in many domains, they still have a tendency to hallucinate and generate fictitious responses to user requests. This problem can be alleviated by augmenting…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Jiongnan Liu , Jiajie Jin , Zihan Wang , Jiehan Cheng , Zhicheng Dou , Ji-Rong Wen

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) has significantly advanced natural language processing, but these models often generate factually incorrect information, known as "hallucination". Initial retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Yujia Zhou , Zheng Liu , Zhicheng Dou

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have enabled understanding webpage contexts, product details, and human instructions. Utilizing LLMs as the foundational architecture for either reward models or policies in reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Shuang Feng , Grace Feng

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being explored for building Agents capable of active environmental interaction (e.g., via tool use) to solve complex problems. Reinforcement Learning (RL) is considered a key technology with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Mingyue Cheng , Jie Ouyang , Shuo Yu , Ruiran Yan , Yucong Luo , Zirui Liu , Daoyu Wang , Qi Liu , Enhong Chen

Discovering efficient algorithms for solving complex problems has been an outstanding challenge in mathematics and computer science, requiring substantial human expertise over the years. Recent advancements in evolutionary search with large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Anja Surina , Amin Mansouri , Lars Quaedvlieg , Amal Seddas , Maryna Viazovska , Emmanuel Abbe , Caglar Gulcehre

Utilizing tools with Large Language Models (LLMs) is essential for grounding AI agents in real-world applications. The prevailing approach involves few-shot prompting with demonstrations or fine-tuning with expert annotations. However, mere…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Xiaohan Wang , Dian Li , Yilin Zhao , Sinbadliu , Hui Wang

AI agents, empowered by Large Language Models (LLMs) and communication protocols such as MCP and A2A, have rapidly evolved from simple chatbots to autonomous entities capable of executing complex, multi-step tasks, demonstrating great…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Erhu Feng , Wenbo Zhou , Zibin Liu , Le Chen , Yunpeng Dong , Cheng Zhang , Yisheng Zhao , Dong Du , Zhichao Hua , Yubin Xia , Haibo Chen

We introduce a novel large language model (LLM)-driven agent framework, which iteratively refines queries and filters contextual evidence by leveraging dynamically evolving knowledge. A defining feature of the system is its decoupling of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Seyoung Song

Transformer neural networks show promising capabilities, in particular for uses in materials analysis, design and manufacturing, including their capacity to work effectively with both human language, symbols, code, and numerical data. Here…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Markus J. Buehler

Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a pivotal technique for fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) on specific tasks. However, prevailing RL fine-tuning methods predominantly rely on PPO and its variants. Though these algorithms…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Hao Ma , Tianyi Hu , Zhiqiang Pu , Boyin Liu , Xiaolin Ai , Yanyan Liang , Min Chen

Recent studies have shown that Large Language Models (LLMs) struggle to accurately retrieve information and maintain reasoning capabilities when processing long-context inputs. To address these limitations, we propose a finetuning approach…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Zheyang Xiong , Vasilis Papageorgiou , Kangwook Lee , Dimitris Papailiopoulos

Agentic Reinforcement Learning (Agentic RL) has shown remarkable potential in large language model-based (LLM) agents. These works can empower LLM agents to tackle complex tasks via multi-step, tool-integrated reasoning. However, an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Siwei Zhang , Yun Xiong , Xi Chen , Zi'an Jia , Renhong Huang , Jiarong Xu , Jiawei Zhang

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become an effective approach for fine-tuning large language models (LLMs), particularly to enhance their reasoning capabilities. However, RL fine-tuning remains highly resource-intensive, and existing work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yifan Sun , Jingyan Shen , Yibin Wang , Tianyu Chen , Zhendong Wang , Mingyuan Zhou , Huan Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) can face factual limitations when responding to time-sensitive queries about recent events that arise after their knowledge thresholds in the training corpus. Existing search-augmented approaches fall into two…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Wentao Shi , Yiqing Shen
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