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Pre-trained on massive amounts of code and text data, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable achievements in performing code generation tasks. With additional execution-based feedback, these models can act as agents with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Jierui Li , Hung Le , Yingbo Zhou , Caiming Xiong , Silvio Savarese , Doyen Sahoo

Recent studies have uncovered the potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) in addressing complex sequential decision-making tasks through the provision of high-level instructions. However, LLM-based agents lack specialization in tackling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Zihao Zhou , Bin Hu , Chenyang Zhao , Pu Zhang , Bin Liu

With the rapid evolution of large language models (LLM), reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a pivotal technique for code generation and optimization in various domains. This paper presents a systematic survey of the application of…

Search agents powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in tackling knowledge-intensive tasks. Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for training these agents to perform…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Shiyu Li , Yang Tang , Yifan Wang , Peiming Li , Xi Chen

Reinforcement learning (RL) agents improve through trial-and-error, but when reward is sparse and the agent cannot discover successful action sequences, learning stagnates. This has been a notable problem in training deep RL agents to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-02-27 Evan Zheran Liu , Kelvin Guu , Panupong Pasupat , Tianlin Shi , Percy Liang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in automated code generation but typically excel only in simpler tasks such as generating standalone code units. Real-world software development, however, often involves complex code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Kechi Zhang , Jia Li , Ge Li , Xianjie Shi , Zhi Jin

Code generation aims to automatically generate code snippets of specific programming language according to natural language descriptions. The continuous advancements in deep learning, particularly pre-trained models, have empowered the code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Zezhou Yang , Sirong Chen , Cuiyun Gao , Zhenhao Li , Xing Hu , Kui Liu , Xin Xia

Code reasoning refers to the task of predicting the output of a program given its source code and specific inputs. It can measure the reasoning capability of large language models (LLMs) and also benefit downstream tasks such as code…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zhanyue Qin , Jia Feng , Yibo Lyu , Yun Peng , Dianbo Sui , Cuiyun Gao , Qing Liao

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate strong capabilities in general coding tasks but encounter two key challenges when optimizing code: (i) the complexity of writing optimized code (such as performant CUDA kernels and competition-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Jiefu Ou , Sapana Chaudhary , Kaj Bostrom , Nathaniel Weir , Shuai Zhang , Huzefa Rangwala , George Karypis

Tensor network codes enable structured construction and manipulation of stabilizer codes out of small seed codes. Here, we apply reinforcement learning to tensor network code geometries and demonstrate how optimal stabilizer codes can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-22 Caroline Mauron , Terry Farrelly , Thomas M. Stace

This paper aims to provide an innovative machine learning-based solution to automate security testing tasks for web applications, ensuring the correct functioning of all components while reducing project maintenance costs. Reinforcement…

We propose a method to efficiently learn diverse strategies in reinforcement learning for query reformulation in the tasks of document retrieval and question answering. In the proposed framework an agent consists of multiple specialized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-27 Rodrigo Nogueira , Jannis Bulian , Massimiliano Ciaramita

Code embeddings are essential for semantic code search; however, current approaches often struggle to capture the precise syntactic and contextual nuances inherent in code. Open-source models such as CodeBERT and UniXcoder exhibit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Saumya Chaturvedi , Aman Chadha , Laurent Bindschaedler

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is essential for evolving Large Language Models (LLMs) into autonomous agents capable of long-horizon planning, yet a practical recipe for scaling RL in complex, multi-turn environments remains elusive. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Xixi Wu , Qianguo Sun , Ruiyang Zhang , Chao Song , Junlong Wu , Yiyan Qi , Hong Cheng

Online question-and-answer (Q\&A) systems based on the Large Language Model (LLM) have progressively diverged from recreational to professional use. This paper proposed a Multi-Agent framework with environmentally reinforcement learning…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Jiapeng Yu , Yuqian Wu , Yajing Zhan , Wenhao Guo , Zhou Xu , Raymond Lee

Recent studies show that LLMs possess different skills and specialize in different tasks. In fact, we observe that their varied performance occur in several levels of granularity. For example, in the code optimization task, code LLMs excel…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Yuanzhe Liu , Ryan Deng , Tim Kaler , Xuhao Chen , Charles E. Leiserson , Yao Ma , Jie Chen

Code reasoning is a fundamental capability for large language models (LLMs) in the code domain. It involves understanding and predicting a program's execution behavior, such as determining the output for a given input or whether a specific…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Lingxiao Tang , He Ye , Zhongxin Liu , Xiaoxue Ren , Lingfeng Bao

Search agents powered by large language models can autonomously decompose queries, retrieve information, and synthesize answers through multi-step reasoning. However, the rapid growth of training methods has outpaced controlled comparison:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yibo Zhao , Zichen Ding , Jiayi Wu , Zun Wang , Xiang Li

Code-generating Large Language Models (LLMs) have become essential tools in modern software development, enhancing productivity and accelerating development. This paper aims to investigate the fine-tuning of code-generating LLMs using…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Marina Sakharova , Abhinav Anand , Mira Mezini

In this paper, we consider the problem of building learning agents that can efficiently learn to navigate in constrained environments. The main goal is to design agents that can efficiently learn to understand and generalize to different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-04 Kei Ota , Yoko Sasaki , Devesh K. Jha , Yusuke Yoshiyasu , Asako Kanezaki