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While Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at code generation by learning from vast code corpora, a fundamental semantic gap remains between their training on textual patterns and the goal of functional correctness, which is governed by…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Xue Jiang , Yihong Dong , Mengyang Liu , Hongyi Deng , Tian Wang , Yongding Tao , Rongyu Cao , Binhua Li , Zhi Jin , Wenpin Jiao , Fei Huang , Yongbin Li , Ge Li

Co-training is a popular semi-supervised learning framework to utilize a large amount of unlabeled data in addition to a small labeled set. Co-training methods exploit predicted labels on the unlabeled data and select samples based on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-04-18 Jiawei Wu , Lei Li , William Yang Wang

Noisy labels, resulting from mistakes in manual labeling or webly data collecting for supervised learning, can cause neural networks to overfit the misleading information and degrade the generalization performance. Self-supervised learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Cheng Tan , Jun Xia , Lirong Wu , Stan Z. Li

Representing documents into high dimensional embedding space while preserving the structural similarity between document sources has been an ultimate goal for many works on text representation learning. Current embedding models, however,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Iftitahu Ni'mah , Samaneh Khoshrou , Vlado Menkovski , Mykola Pechenizkiy

Reinforcement learning with human-annotated data has boosted chain-of-thought reasoning in large reasoning models, but these gains come at high costs in labeled data while faltering on harder tasks. A natural next step is experience-driven…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Zhaoning Yu , Will Su , Leitian Tao , Haozhu Wang , Aashu Singh , Hanchao Yu , Jianyu Wang , Hongyang Gao , Weizhe Yuan , Jason Weston , Ping Yu , Jing Xu

Reducing the amount of labels required to train convolutional neural networks without performance degradation is key to effectively reduce human annotation efforts. We propose Reliable Label Bootstrapping (ReLaB), an unsupervised…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-02-26 Paul Albert , Diego Ortego , Eric Arazo , Noel E. O'Connor , Kevin McGuinness

In-Context Reinforcement Learning (ICRL) enables Large Language Models (LLMs) to learn online from external rewards directly within the context window. However, a central challenge in ICRL is reward estimation, as models typically lack…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Wenxuan Jiang , Yuxin Zuo , Zijian Zhang , Xuecheng Wu , Zining Fan , Wenxuan Liu , Li Chen , Xiaoyu Li , Xuezhi Cao , Xiaolong Jin , Ninghao Liu

We propose a semi-supervised text classifier based on self-training using one positive and one negative property of neural networks. One of the weaknesses of self-training is the semantic drift problem, where noisy pseudo-labels accumulate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Payam Karisani

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced automated test generation, yet existing methods often rely on ground-truth code for verification, risking bug propagation and limiting applicability in test-driven development. We…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Hamed Taherkhani , Alireza DaghighFarsoodeh , Mohammad Chowdhury , Hung Viet Pham , Hadi Hemmati

Large language models excel at complex tasks by breaking down problems into structured reasoning steps. However, reasoning traces often extend beyond reaching a correct answer, causing wasted computation, reduced readability, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Razvan-Gabriel Dumitru , Darius Peteleaza , Vikas Yadav , Liangming Pan

In semi-supervised learning, the paradigm of self-training refers to the idea of learning from pseudo-labels suggested by the learner itself. Across various domains, corresponding methods have proven effective and achieve state-of-the-art…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-12 Julian Lienen , Caglar Demir , Eyke Hüllermeier

Training large language models (LLMs) for non-verifiable tasks, such as creative writing, dialogue, and ethical reasoning, remains challenging due to the absence of ground-truth labels. While LLM-as-Judge approaches offer a scalable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Yuan Sui , Bryan Hooi

Zero Reinforcement Learning (Zero-RL) has proven to be an effective approach for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) by directly applying reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards on pretrained models,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Yuyuan Zeng , Yufei Huang , Can Xu , Qingfeng Sun , Jianfeng Yan , Guanghui Xu , Tao Yang , Fengzong Lian

Previous LLMs-based RL studies typically follow either supervised learning with high annotation costs, or unsupervised paradigms using voting or entropy-based rewards. However, their performance remains far from satisfactory due to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Zhiyin Yu , Bo Zhang , Qibin Hou , Zhonghai Wu , Xiao Luo , Lei Bai

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable progress in complex reasoning tasks through both post-training and test-time scaling laws. While prevalent test-time scaling approaches are often realized by using external reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Fuxiang Zhang , Jiacheng Xu , Chaojie Wang , Ce Cui , Yang Liu , Bo An

Progress in long-context reasoning for large language models (LLMs) has lagged behind other recent advances. This gap arises not only from the intrinsic difficulty of processing long texts, but also from the scarcity of reliable human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Ziyi Yang , Weizhou Shen , Chenliang Li , Ruijun Chen , Fanqi Wan , Ming Yan , Xiaojun Quan , Fei Huang

Speaker representation learning is crucial for voice recognition systems, with recent advances in self-supervised approaches reducing dependency on labeled data. Current two-stage iterative frameworks, while effective, suffer from…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-03 Danwei Cai , Zexin Cai , Ze Li , Ming Li

Automatic speech recognition (ASR) models rely on high-quality transcribed data for effective training. Generating pseudo-labels for large unlabeled audio datasets often relies on complex pipelines that combine multiple ASR outputs through…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-06 Jeena Prakash , Blessingh Kumar , Kadri Hacioglu , Bidisha Sharma , Sindhuja Gopalan , Malolan Chetlur , Shankar Venkatesan , Andreas Stolcke

Training deep networks with noisy labels leads to poor generalization and degraded accuracy due to overfitting to label noise. Existing approaches for learning with noisy labels often rely on the availability of a clean subset of data. By…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 David Szczecina , Nicholas Pellegrino , Paul Fieguth

In self-supervised learning for speaker recognition, pseudo labels are useful as the supervision signals. It is a known fact that a speaker recognition model doesn't always benefit from pseudo labels due to their unreliability. In this…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-15 Ruijie Tao , Kong Aik Lee , Rohan Kumar Das , Ville Hautamäki , Haizhou Li