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Online optimization with memory costs has many real-world applications, where sequential actions are made without knowing the future input. Nonetheless, the memory cost couples the actions over time, adding substantial challenges.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Pengfei Li , Jianyi Yang , Shaolei Ren

Reinforcement Learning (RL) trains agents to learn optimal behavior by maximizing reward signals from experience datasets. However, RL training often faces memory limitations, leading to execution latencies and prolonged training times. To…

To maintain structural integrity and functionality during the designed life cycle of a structure, engineers are expected to accommodate for natural hazards as well as operational load levels. Active control systems are an efficient solution…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-03-16 Soheila Sadeghi Eshkevari , Soheil Sadeghi Eshkevari , Debarshi Sen , Shamim N. Pakzad

Large Language Model (LLM) agents have shown stunning results in complex tasks, yet they often operate in isolation, failing to learn from past experiences. Existing memory-based methods primarily store raw trajectories, which are often…

Reinforcement learning (RL) is one of the active fields in machine learning, demonstrating remarkable potential in tackling real-world challenges. Despite its promising prospects, this methodology has encountered with issues and challenges,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Alireza Rashidi Laleh , Majid Nili Ahmadabadi

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a pivotal component of large language model (LLM) post-training, and agentic RL extends this paradigm to operate as agents through multi-turn interaction and tool use. Scaling such systems exposes two…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Zheyue Tan , Mustapha Abdullahi , Tuo Shi , Huining Yuan , Zelai Xu , Chao Yu , Boxun Li , Bo Zhao

The operation of future 6th-generation (6G) mobile networks will increasingly rely on the ability of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to optimize network decisions in real-time. DRL yields demonstrated efficacy in various resource…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Abhishek Duttagupta , MohammadErfan Jabbari , Claudio Fiandrino , Marco Fiore , Joerg Widmer

Although LLM agents can leverage tools for complex tasks, they still need memory to maintain cross-turn consistency and accumulate reusable information in long-horizon interactions. However, retrieval-based external memory systems incur low…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Jiaquan Zhang , Chaoning Zhang , Shuxu Chen , Zhenzhen Huang , Pengcheng Zheng , Zhicheng Wang , Ping Guo , Fan Mo , Sung-Ho Bae , Jie Zou , Jiwei Wei , Yang Yang

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) extends (single-agent) reinforcement learning (RL) by introducing additional agents and (potentially) partial observability of the environment. Consequently, algorithms for solving MARL problems…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-09-12 Yilun Zhou , Derrik E. Asher , Nicholas R. Waytowich , Julie A. Shah

Recent advances in Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) have demonstrated significant potential in single-turn reasoning tasks. With the paradigm shift toward self-evolving agentic learning, models are increasingly expected…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Xinshun Feng , Xinhao Song , Lijun Li , Gongshen Liu , Jing Shao

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a branch of machine learning which is employed to solve various sequential decision making problems without proper supervision. Due to the recent advancement of deep learning, the newly proposed Deep-RL…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-04-17 Dhruv Ramani

With the rise of LLMs, there is an increasing need for intelligent recommendation assistants that can handle complex queries and provide personalized, reasoning-driven recommendations. LLM-based recommenders show potential but face…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Jiani Huang , Shijie Wang , Liangbo Ning , Wenqi Fan , Qing Li

With the ongoing energy transition, demand-side flexibility has become an important aspect of the modern power grid for providing grid support and allowing further integration of sustainable energy sources. Besides traditional sources, the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-19 Gargya Gokhale , Bert Claessens , Chris Develder

Preference-based Reinforcement Learning (PbRL) provides a way to learn high-performance policies in environments where the reward signal is hard to specify, avoiding heuristic and time-consuming reward design. However, PbRL can suffer from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Chenyang Cao , Miguel Rogel-García , Mohamed Nabail , Xueqian Wang , Nicholas Rhinehart

Optimizing prices for energy demand response requires a flexible controller with ability to navigate complex environments. We propose a reinforcement learning controller with surprise minimizing modifications in its architecture. We suggest…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-12 William Arnold , Tarang Srivastava , Lucas Spangher , Utkarsha Agwan , Costas Spanos

Scaling up data, parameters, and test-time computation has been the mainstream methods to improve LLM systems (LLMsys), but their upper bounds are almost reached due to the gradual depletion of high-quality data and marginal gains obtained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Qingyao Ai , Yichen Tang , Changyue Wang , Jianming Long , Weihang Su , Yiqun Liu

Extrinsic rewards can effectively guide reinforcement learning (RL) agents in specific tasks. However, extrinsic rewards frequently fall short in complex environments due to the significant human effort needed for their design and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Mingqi Yuan , Roger Creus Castanyer , Bo Li , Xin Jin , Wenjun Zeng , Glen Berseth

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit complementary strengths across domains and come with varying inference costs, motivating the design of multi-agent LLM systems where specialized models collaborate efficiently. Existing approaches…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Bowen Jin , TJ Collins , Donghan Yu , Mert Cemri , Shenao Zhang , Mengyu Li , Jay Tang , Tian Qin , Zhiyang Xu , Jiarui Lu , Guoli Yin , Jiawei Han , Zirui Wang

Modern deployment of large language models (LLMs) frequently involves both inference serving and continuous retraining to stay aligned with evolving data and user feedback. Common practices separate these workloads onto distinct servers in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Yufei Li , Zexin Li , Yinglun Zhu , Cong Liu

Executing workflows on volunteer computing resources where individual tasks may be forced to relinquish their resource for the resource's primary use leads to unpredictability and often significantly increases execution time. Task…

Performance · Computer Science 2022-09-28 Andrew Stephen McGough , Matthew Forshaw