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Counterfactual explanations have shown promising results as a post-hoc framework to make image classifiers more explainable. In this paper, we propose DiME, a method allowing the generation of counterfactual images using the recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-30 Guillaume Jeanneret , Loïc Simon , Frédéric Jurie

Generating counterfactual explanations is one of the most effective approaches for uncovering the inner workings of black-box neural network models and building user trust. While remarkable strides have been made in generative modeling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Nishtha Madaan , Srikanta Bedathur

Counterfactual explanations (CEs) based on concepts are explanations that consider alternative scenarios to understand which high-level semantic features contributed to particular model predictions. In this work, we propose CEs based on the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Angeliki Dimitriou , Maria Lymperaiou , Giorgos Filandrianos , Konstantinos Thomas , Giorgos Stamou

Counterfactual Explanations (CEs) are a powerful technique used to explain Machine Learning models by showing how the input to a model should be minimally changed for the model to produce a different output. Similar proposals have been made…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Nicola Gigante , Francesco Leofante , Andrea Micheli

Counterfactual Explanations (CEs) are an important tool in Algorithmic Recourse for addressing two questions: 1. What are the crucial factors that led to an automated prediction/decision? 2. How can these factors be changed to achieve a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Xuan Zhao , Klaus Broelemann , Gjergji Kasneci

Counterfactual explanations (CFEs) are minimal and semantically meaningful modifications of the input of a model that alter the model predictions. They highlight the decisive features the model relies on, providing contrastive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Chao Wang , Chengan Che , Xinyue Chen , Sophia Tsoka , Luis C. Garcia-Peraza-Herrera

Counterfactual instances offer human-interpretable insight into the local behaviour of machine learning models. We propose a general framework to generate sparse, in-distribution counterfactual model explanations which match a desired…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Arnaud Van Looveren , Janis Klaise , Giovanni Vacanti , Oliver Cobb

To collaborate effectively with humans, language models must be able to explain their decisions in natural language. We study a specific type of self-explanation: self-generated counterfactual explanations (SCEs), where a model explains its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Harry Mayne , Ryan Othniel Kearns , Yushi Yang , Andrew M. Bean , Eoin Delaney , Chris Russell , Adam Mahdi

Optimization layers in deep neural networks have enjoyed a growing popularity in structured learning, improving the state of the art on a variety of applications. Yet, these pipelines lack interpretability since they are made of two opaque…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Germain Vivier-Ardisson , Alexandre Forel , Axel Parmentier , Thibaut Vidal

Counterfactual generation lies at the core of various machine learning tasks, including image translation and controllable text generation. This generation process usually requires the identification of the disentangled latent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Hanqi Yan , Lingjing Kong , Lin Gui , Yuejie Chi , Eric Xing , Yulan He , Kun Zhang

Natural language explanations (NLEs) are commonly used to provide plausible free-text explanations of a model's reasoning about its predictions. However, recent work has questioned their faithfulness, as they may not accurately reflect the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Shuzhou Yuan , Jingyi Sun , Ran Zhang , Michael Färber , Steffen Eger , Pepa Atanasova , Isabelle Augenstein

Counterfactual Explanations are becoming a de-facto standard in post-hoc interpretable machine learning. For a given classifier and an instance classified in an undesired class, its counterfactual explanation corresponds to small…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Veronica Piccialli , Dolores Romero Morales , Cecilia Salvatore

Leading approaches in machine vision employ different architectures for different tasks, trained on costly task-specific labeled datasets. This complexity has held back progress in areas, such as robotics, where robust task-general…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Daniel M. Bear , Kevin Feigelis , Honglin Chen , Wanhee Lee , Rahul Venkatesh , Klemen Kotar , Alex Durango , Daniel L. K. Yamins

The accuracy and understandability of bank failure prediction models are crucial. While interpretable models like logistic regression are favored for their explainability, complex models such as random forest, support vector machines, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Seyma Gunonu , Gizem Altun , Mustafa Cavus

Machine learning models are widely used in real-world applications. However, their complexity makes it often challenging to interpret the rationale behind their decisions. Counterfactual explanations (CEs) have emerged as a viable solution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Muhammad Suffian , Jose M. Alonso-Moral , Alessandro Bogliolo

Machine learning models in dynamic environments often suffer from concept drift, where changes in the data distribution degrade performance. While detecting this drift is a well-studied topic, explaining how and why the model's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Ignacy Stępka , Jerzy Stefanowski

Clustering algorithms rely on complex optimisation processes that may be difficult to comprehend, especially for individuals who lack technical expertise. While many explainable artificial intelligence techniques exist for supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Aurora Spagnol , Kacper Sokol , Pietro Barbiero , Marc Langheinrich , Martin Gjoreski

Counterfactuals have become a popular technique nowadays for interacting with black-box machine learning models and understanding how to change a particular instance to obtain a desired outcome from the model. However, most existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Philip Naumann , Eirini Ntoutsi

Deep graph learning models have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in processing graph-structured data and have been widely applied across various fields. However, their complex internal architectures and lack of transparency make it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Jinlong Hu , Jiacheng Liu

When an image classifier outputs a wrong class label, it can be helpful to see what changes in the image would lead to a correct classification. This is the aim of algorithms generating counterfactual explanations. However, there is no…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Benedikt Höltgen , Lisa Schut , Jan M. Brauner , Yarin Gal