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Robotic planning and execution in open-world environments is a complex problem due to the vast state spaces and high variability of task embodiment. Recent advances in perception algorithms, combined with Large Language Models (LLMs) for…

In industrial applications Finite State Machines (FSMs) are often used to implement decision making policies for autonomous systems. In recent years, the use of Behavior Trees (BT) as an alternative policy representation has gained…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Mattias Hallen , Matteo Iovino , Shiva Sander-Tavallaey , Christian Smith

In the field of Learning from Demonstration (LfD), enabling robots to generalize learned manipulation skills to novel scenarios for long-horizon tasks remains challenging. Specifically, it is still difficult for robots to adapt the learned…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Zezhi Liu , Shizhen Wu , Hanqian Luo , Deyun Qin , Yongchun Fang

It is difficult to create robust, reusable, and reactive behaviors for robots that can be easily extended and combined. Frameworks such as Behavior Trees are flexible but difficult to characterize, especially when designing reactions and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-08-07 Chris Paxton , Nathan Ratliff , Clemens Eppner , Dieter Fox

Recent advances in robot learning increasingly rely on LLM-based task planning, leveraging their ability to bridge natural language with executable actions. While prior works showcased great performances, the widespread adoption of these…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Riccardo Andrea Izzo , Gianluca Bardaro , Matteo Matteucci

Behavior Trees (BTs) are high-level controllers that are useful in a variety of planning tasks and are gaining traction in robotic mission planning. As they gain popularity in safety-critical domains, it is important to formalize their…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Serena S. Serbinowska , Preston Robinette , Gabor Karsai , Taylor T. Johnson

Behavior Trees (BTs) provide a structured and reactive framework for decision-making, commonly used to switch between sub-controllers based on environmental conditions. Reinforcement Learning (RL), on the other hand, can learn near-optimal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Finn Rietz , Mart Kartašev , Petter Ögren , Johannes A. Stork

In this paper, we show how behaviour trees (BTs) can be used to design modular, versatile, and robust control architectures for mission-critical systems. In particular, we show this in the context of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs).…

The possibility to create reactive robot programs faster without the need for extensively trained programmers is becoming increasingly important. So far, it has not been explored how various techniques for creating Behavior Tree (BT)…

Behavior trees (BTs) emerged from video game development as a graphical language for modeling intelligent agent behavior. However as initially implemented, behavior trees are static plans. This paper adds to recent literature exploring the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2016-07-01 Blake Hannaford , Danying Hu , Dianmu Zhang , Yangming Li

Long-horizon planning in realistic environments requires the ability to reason over sequential tasks in high-dimensional state spaces with complex dynamics. Classical motion planning algorithms, such as rapidly-exploring random trees, are…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-10-14 Brian Ichter , Pierre Sermanet , Corey Lynch

This paper proposes a novel integrated dynamic method based on Behavior Trees for planning and allocating tasks in mixed human robot teams, suitable for manufacturing environments. The Behavior Tree formulation allows encoding a single job…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-01-20 Fabio Fusaro , Edoardo Lamon , Elena De Momi , Arash Ajoudani

In this paper, we present a toolchain to design, execute, and verify robot behaviors. The toolchain follows the guidelines defined by the EU H2020 project RobMoSys and encodes the robot deliberation as a Behavior Tree (BT), a directed tree…

Recent progress in large language models (LLMs) has demonstrated the ability to learn and leverage Internet-scale knowledge through pre-training with autoregressive models. Unfortunately, applying such models to settings with embodied…

Behavior trees represent a hierarchical and modular way of combining several low-level control policies into a high-level task-switching policy. Hybrid dynamical systems can also be seen in terms of task switching between different…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-11 Christopher Iliffe Sprague , Petter Ögren

Zero-order optimization has recently received significant attention for designing optimal trajectories and policies for robotic systems. However, most existing methods (e.g., MPPI, CEM, and CMA-ES) are local in nature, as they rely on…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Xudong Sun , Armand Jordana , Massimo Fornasier , Jalal Etesami , Majid Khadiv

Pruning is an essential agricultural practice for orchards. Proper pruning can promote healthier growth and optimize fruit production throughout the orchard's lifespan. Robot manipulators have been developed as an automated solution for…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Gaoyuan Liu , Bas Boom , Naftali Slob , Yuri Durodié , Ann Nowé , Bram Vanderborght

Robots often need to solve path planning problems where essential and discrete aspects of the environment are partially observable. This introduces a multi-modality, where the robot must be able to observe and infer the state of its…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Camille Phiquepal , Andreas Orthey , Nicolas Viennot , Marc Toussaint

Behavior Trees (BTs) got the robotics society attention not least thanks to their modularity and reusability. The subtrees of BTs could be treated as separate behaviors and therefore reused. We address the following research question: do we…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Evgenii Safronov

While individual robots are becoming increasingly capable, with new sensors and actuators, the complexity of expected missions increased exponentially in comparison. To cope with this complexity, heterogeneous teams of robots have become a…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Georg Heppner , David Oberacker , Arne Roennau , Rüdiger Dillmann
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