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This study delves into the capabilities and limitations of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the challenging domain of conditional question-answering. Utilizing the Conditional Question Answering (CQA) dataset and focusing on generative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Syed-Amad Hussain , Parag Pravin Dakle , SaiKrishna Rallabandi , Preethi Raghavan

Time-Sensitive Question Answering (TSQA) demands the effective utilization of specific temporal contexts, encompassing multiple time-evolving facts, to address time-sensitive questions. This necessitates not only the parsing of temporal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Wanqi Yang , Yanda Li , Meng Fang , Ling Chen

Benchmarks establish a standardized evaluation framework to systematically assess the performance of large language models (LLMs), facilitating objective comparisons and driving advancements in the field. However, existing benchmarks fail…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Ziqian Zhang , Xingjian Hu , Yue Huang , Kai Zhang , Ruoxi Chen , Yixin Liu , Qingsong Wen , Kaidi Xu , Xiangliang Zhang , Neil Zhenqiang Gong , Lichao Sun

Standard evaluation practices assume that large language model (LLM) outputs are stable under contextually equivalent formulations of a task. Here, we test this assumption in the setting of gender inference. Using a controlled pronoun…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Sagar Kumar , Ariel Flint , Luca Maria Aiello , Andrea Baronchelli

Large Language Models (LLMs) encapsulate a surprising amount of factual world knowledge. However, their performance on temporal questions and historical knowledge is limited because they often cannot understand temporal scope and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Jonas Wallat , Abdelrahman Abdallah , Adam Jatowt , Avishek Anand

Large language models (LLMs) face significant challenges in ex-ante reasoning, where analysis, inference, or predictions must be made without access to information from future events. Even with explicit prompts enforcing temporal cutoffs,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yachuan Liu , Xiaochun Wei , Lin Shi , Xinnuo Li , Bohan Zhang , Paramveer Dhillon , Qiaozhu Mei

In the realm of Large Language Model (LLM) functionalities, providing reliable information is paramount, yet reports suggest that LLM outputs lack consistency. This inconsistency, often at-tributed to randomness in token sampling,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Yanggyu Lee , Jihie Kim

We evaluate questions generated by large language models (LLMs) from context, comparing them to human-authored questions across six dimensions: question type, question length, context coverage, answerability, uncommonness, and required…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Yueheng Zhang , Xiaoyuan Liu , Yiyou Sun , Atheer Alharbi , Hend Alzahrani , Tianneng Shi , Basel Alomair , Dawn Song

While Large language models (LLMs) have proved able to address some complex reasoning tasks, we also know that they are highly sensitive to input variation, which can lead to different solution paths and final answers. Answer consistency…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Huiyuan Lai , Xiao Zhang , Malvina Nissim

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown the impressive capability of answering questions in a wide range of scenarios. However, when LLMs face different types of questions, it is worth exploring whether LLMs are aware that some questions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Dongjie Yang , Hai Zhao

How does the natural evolution of context paragraphs affect question answering in generative Large Language Models (LLMs)? To investigate this, we propose a framework for curating naturally evolved, human-edited variants of reading passages…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Yulong Wu , Viktor Schlegel , Riza Batista-Navarro

Large Language Models (LLMs) are transforming scholarly tasks like search and summarization, but their reliability remains uncertain. Current evaluation metrics for testing LLM reliability are primarily automated approaches that prioritize…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Anna Martin-Boyle , William Humphreys , Martha Brown , Cara Leckey , Harmanpreet Kaur

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities, but still suffer from inconsistency issues (e.g. LLMs can react differently to disturbances like rephrasing or inconsequential order change). In addition to these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Zhe Yang , Yichang Zhang , Tianyu Liu , Jian Yang , Junyang Lin , Chang Zhou , Zhifang Sui

This paper explores the robustness of language models (LMs) to variations in the temporal context within factual knowledge. It examines whether LMs can correctly associate a temporal context with a past fact valid over a defined period, by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Hichem Ammar Khodja , Frédéric Béchet , Quentin Brabant , Alexis Nasr , Gwénolé Lecorvé

While large pretrained language models (PLMs) demonstrate incredible fluency and performance on many natural language tasks, recent work has shown that well-performing PLMs are very sensitive to what prompts are feed into them. Even when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Harsh Raj , Domenic Rosati , Subhabrata Majumdar

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in agentic and multi-turn workflows where they are tasked to perform actions of significant consequence. In order to deploy them reliably and manage risky outcomes in these settings, it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Arka Pal , Teo Kitanovski , Arthur Liang , Akilesh Potti , Micah Goldblum

Open-ended question answering (QA) evaluates a model's ability to perform contextualized reasoning beyond factual recall. This challenge is especially acute in practice-based domains, where knowledge is procedural and grounded in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Si Chen , Le Huy Khiem , Annalisa Szymanski , Ronald Metoyer , Ting Hua , Nitesh V. Chawla

If a Large Language Model (LLM) answers "yes" to the question "Are mountains tall?" then does it know what a mountain is? Can you rely on it responding correctly or incorrectly to other questions about mountains? The success of Large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-03 Pritish Sahu , Michael Cogswell , Yunye Gong , Ajay Divakaran

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been evaluated using diverse question types, e.g., multiple-choice, true/false, and short/long answers. This study answers an unexplored question about the impact of different question types on LLM accuracy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Seok Hwan Song , Mohna Chakraborty , Qi Li , Wallapak Tavanapong

Large language models (LLMs) can produce erroneous responses that sound fluent and convincing, raising the risk that users will rely on these responses as if they were correct. Mitigating such overreliance is a key challenge. Through a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Sunnie S. Y. Kim , Jennifer Wortman Vaughan , Q. Vera Liao , Tania Lombrozo , Olga Russakovsky