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Multivariate conformal prediction requires nonconformity scores that compress residual vectors into scalars while preserving certain implicit geometric structure of the residual distribution. We introduce a Multivariate Kernel Score (MKS)…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-24 Louis Meyer , Wenkai Xu

This paper characterizes the maximum mean discrepancies (MMD) that metrize the weak convergence of probability measures for a wide class of kernels. More precisely, we prove that, on a locally compact, non-compact, Hausdorff space, the MMD…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-06 Carl-Johann Simon-Gabriel , Alessandro Barp , Bernhard Schölkopf , Lester Mackey

These notes provide a self-contained introduction to kernel methods and their geometric foundations in machine learning. Starting from the construction of Hilbert spaces, we develop the theory of positive definite kernels, reproducing…

Maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) has enjoyed a lot of success in many machine learning and statistical applications, including non-parametric hypothesis testing, because of its ability to handle non-Euclidean data. Recently, it has been…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-01-24 Omar Hagrass , Bharath K. Sriperumbudur , Bing Li

In the statistical literature, as well as in artificial intelligence and machine learning, measures of discrepancy between two probability distributions are largely used to develop measures of goodness-of-fit. We concentrate on quadratic…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-01 Marianthi Markatou , Giovanni Saraceno

This work incorporates the multi-modality of the data distribution into a Gaussian Process regression model. We approach the problem from a discriminative perspective by learning, jointly over the training data, the target space variance in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-20 Silvia L. Pintea , Jan C. van Gemert , Arnold W. M. Smeulders

Functional data often arise as sequential temporal observations over a continuous state-space. A set of functional data with a possible change in its structure may lead to a wrong conclusion if it is not taken in to account. So, sometimes,…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-03-18 Buddhananda Banerjee , Satyaki Mazumder

Strictly proper kernel scores are well-known tool in probabilistic forecasting, while characteristic kernels have been extensively investigated in the machine learning literature. We first show that both notions coincide, so that insights…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2017-12-15 Ingo Steinwart , Johanna F. Ziegel

We revisit the classical problem of comparing regression functions, a fundamental question in statistical inference with broad relevance to modern applications such as data integration, transfer learning, and causal inference. Existing…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-29 Jian Yan , Zhuoxi Li , Yang Ning , Yong Chen

We prove that kernel covariance embeddings lead to information-theoretically perfect separation of distinct continuous probability distributions. In statistical terms, we establish that testing for the \emph{equality} of two non-atomic…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-14 Leonardo V. Santoro , Kartik G. Waghmare , Victor M. Panaretos

This article provides a practical introduction to kernel discrepancies, focusing on the Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD), the Hilbert-Schmidt Independence Criterion (HSIC), and the Kernel Stein Discrepancy (KSD). Various estimators for these…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-03 Antonin Schrab

Distributional comparison is a fundamental problem in statistical data analysis with numerous applications in a variety of scientific and engineering fields. Numerous methods exist for distributional comparison but kernel Stein's method has…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-06-12 Xiaoda Qu , Baba C. Vemuri

Symmetry plays a central role in the sciences, machine learning, and statistics. While statistical tests for the presence of distributional invariance with respect to groups have a long history, tests for conditional symmetry in the form of…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-12 Kenny Chiu , Alex Sharp , Benjamin Bloem-Reddy

Kernel-based tests provide a simple yet effective framework that use the theory of reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces to design non-parametric testing procedures. In this paper we propose new theoretical tools that can be used to study the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-09-02 Tamara Fernández , Nicolás Rivera

Kernels are powerful and versatile tools in machine learning and statistics. Although the notion of universal kernels and characteristic kernels has been studied, kernel selection still greatly influences the empirical performance. While…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-02-28 Chun-Liang Li , Wei-Cheng Chang , Youssef Mroueh , Yiming Yang , Barnabás Póczos

The learning of domain-invariant representations in the context of domain adaptation with neural networks is considered. We propose a new regularization method that minimizes the discrepancy between domain-specific latent feature…

Kernelized Stein discrepancy (KSD) is a score-based discrepancy widely used in goodness-of-fit tests. It can be applied even when the target distribution has an unknown normalising factor, such as in Bayesian analysis. We show theoretically…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-06 Xing Liu , Andrew B. Duncan , Axel Gandy

Kernel Stein discrepancy (KSD) is a widely used kernel-based measure of discrepancy between probability measures. It is often employed in the scenario where a user has a collection of samples from a candidate probability measure and wishes…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-02-13 George Wynne , Mikołaj Kasprzak , Andrew B. Duncan

Kernel $k$-means clustering is a powerful tool for unsupervised learning of non-linearly separable data. Since the earliest attempts, researchers have noted that such algorithms often become trapped by local minima arising from…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-11-13 Debolina Paul , Saptarshi Chakraborty , Swagatam Das , Jason Xu

We propose an independence test for random variables valued into metric spaces by using a test statistic obtained from appropriately centering and rescaling the squared Hilbert-Schmidt norm of the usual empirical estimator of normalized…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-11-11 Terence Kevin Manfoumbi Djonguet , Guy Martial Nkiet