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A common problem in numerous research areas, particularly in clinical trials, is to test whether the effect of an explanatory variable on an outcome variable is equivalent across different groups. In practice, these tests are frequently…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-05-03 Niklas Hagemann , Kathrin Möllenhoff

At every phase of scientific research, scientists must decide how to allocate limited resources to pursue the research inquiries with the greatest potential. This prioritization dictates which controlled interventions are studied, awarded…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-10-11 Bruce A. Corliss , Yaotian Wang , Heman Shakeri , Philip E. Bourne

Testing the equivalence of multiple quantiles between two populations is important in many scientific applications, such as clinical trials, where conventional mean-based methods may be inadequate. This is particularly relevant in bridging…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-21 Jun Wu , Stéphane Guerrier , Si Gou , Yogeshvar N. Kalia , Luca Insolia

A recurring debate in the philosophy of statistics concerns what, exactly, should count as a measure of evidence for or against a given hypothesis. P-values, likelihood ratios, and Bayes factors all have their defenders. In this paper we…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-26 Ben Chugg , Aaditya Ramdas , Peter Grünwald

We propose novel kernel-based tests for assessing the equivalence between distributions. Traditional goodness-of-fit testing is inappropriate for concluding the absence of distributional differences, because failure to reject the null…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-17 Xing Liu , Axel Gandy

Equivalence tests, otherwise known as parity or similarity tests, are frequently used in ``bioequivalence studies" to establish practical equivalence rather than the usual statistical significant difference. In this article, we propose an…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-29 Daniel Ochieng

We propose a new statistical hypothesis testing framework which decides visually, using confidence intervals, whether the means of two samples are equal or if one is larger than the other. With our method, the user can at the same time…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-03-06 Timothée Mathieu

This paper considers testing linear hypotheses of a set of mean vectors with unequal covariance matrices in large dimensional setting. The problem of testing the hypothesis $H_0 : \sum_{i=1}^q \beta_i \bmu_i =\bmu_0 $ for a given vector…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-12-22 Dandan Jiang

This paper deals with a new Bayesian approach to the standard one-sample $z$- and $t$- tests. More specifically, let $x_1,\ldots,x_n$ be an independent random sample from a normal distribution with mean $\mu$ and variance $\sigma^2$. The…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-04-01 Ibrahim Abdelrazeq , Luai Al-Labadi

The statistical comparison of multiple algorithms over multiple data sets is fundamental in machine learning. This is typically carried out by the Friedman test. When the Friedman test rejects the null hypothesis, multiple comparisons are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-05-12 Alessio Benavoli , Giorgio Corani , Francesca Mangili

Hypothesis testing results often rely on simple, yet important assumptions about the behaviour of the distribution of p-values under the null and the alternative. We examine tests for one dimensional parameters of interest that converge to…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-08-06 Yanbo Tang , Radu Craiu , Lei Sun

Binary classification is a task that involves the classification of data into one of two distinct classes. It is widely utilized in various fields. However, conventional classifiers tend to make overconfident predictions for data that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Shoma Yokura , Akihisa Ichiki

There is a well-known problem in Null Hypothesis Significance Testing: many statistically significant results fail to replicate in subsequent experiments. We show that this problem arises because standard `point-form null' significance…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-02-06 Fintan Costello , Paul Watts

We present a new way of testing ordered hypotheses against all alternatives which overpowers the classical approach both in simplicity and statistical power. Our new method tests the constrained likelihood ratio statistic against the…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-06-26 Diaa Al Mohamad , Jelle J. Goeman , Erik W. van Zwet , Eric A. Cator

Testing the equality of two proportions is a common procedure in science, especially in medicine and public health. In these domains it is crucial to be able to quantify evidence for the absence of a treatment effect. Bayesian hypothesis…

In observational studies of discrimination, the most common statistical approaches consider either the rate at which decisions are made (benchmark tests) or the success rate of those decisions (outcome tests). Both tests, however, have…

Applications · Statistics 2025-03-07 Johann D. Gaebler , Sharad Goel

Multiple testing of a single hypothesis and testing multiple hypotheses are usually done in terms of p-values. In this paper we replace p-values with their natural competitor, e-values, which are closely related to betting, Bayes factors,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-10-26 Vladimir Vovk , Ruodu Wang

Similarity functions measure how comparable pairs of elements are, and play a key role in a wide variety of applications, e.g., notions of Individual Fairness abiding by the seminal paradigm of Dwork et al., as well as Clustering problems.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Leonidas Tsepenekas , Ivan Brugere , Freddy Lecue , Daniele Magazzeni

Statistical techniques are used in all branches of science to determine the feasibility of quantitative hypotheses. One of the most basic applications of statistical techniques in comparative analysis is the test of equality of two…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-05-01 Ayanendranath Basu , Abhijit Mandal , Nirian Martin , Leandro Pardo

Multivariate equivalence testing is needed in a variety of scenarios for drug development. For example, drug products obtained from natural sources may contain many components for which the individual effects and/or their interactions on…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-06-07 Chao Wang , Yu-Ting Weng , Shaobo Liu , Tengfei Li , Meiyu Shen , Yi Tsong