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Contrastive learning has emerged as an efficient framework to learn multimodal representations. CLIP, a seminal work in this area, achieved impressive results by training on paired image-text data using the contrastive loss. Recent work…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Enrico Fini , Pietro Astolfi , Adriana Romero-Soriano , Jakob Verbeek , Michal Drozdzal

Multimodal fusion breaks through the boundaries between diverse modalities and has already achieved notable performances. However, in many specialized fields, it is struggling to obtain sufficient alignment data for training, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Zijia Song , Zelin Zang , Yelin Wang , Guozheng Yang , Kaicheng yu , Wanyu Chen , Miaoyu Wang , Stan Z. Li

Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training (CLIP) has been a celebrated method for training vision encoders to generate image/text representations facilitating various applications. Recently, CLIP has been widely adopted as the vision backbone…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Hong-You Chen , Zhengfeng Lai , Haotian Zhang , Xinze Wang , Marcin Eichner , Keen You , Meng Cao , Bowen Zhang , Yinfei Yang , Zhe Gan

Deep Learning (DL) is undergoing a paradigm shift with the emergence of foundation models. In this work, we focus on Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training (CLIP), a Vision-Language foundation model that achieves high accuracy across…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Angelos Zavras , Dimitrios Michail , Begüm Demir , Ioannis Papoutsis

Leveraging the vision foundation models has emerged as a mainstream paradigm that improves the performance of image feature matching. However, previous works have ignored the misalignment when introducing the foundation models into feature…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Yuhan Liu , Jingwen Fu , Yang Wu , Kangyi Wu , Pengna Li , Jiayi Wu , Sanping Zhou , Jingmin Xin

We present modality gap, an intriguing geometric phenomenon of the representation space of multi-modal models. Specifically, we show that different data modalities (e.g. images and text) are embedded at arm's length in their shared…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Weixin Liang , Yuhui Zhang , Yongchan Kwon , Serena Yeung , James Zou

The CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training) model and its variants are becoming the de facto backbone in many applications. However, training a CLIP model from hundreds of millions of image-text pairs can be prohibitively expensive.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Liangliang Cao , Bowen Zhang , Chen Chen , Yinfei Yang , Xianzhi Du , Wencong Zhang , Zhiyun Lu , Yantao Zheng

Vision-language models (VLMs) like CLIP are trained with the objective of aligning text and image pairs. To improve CLIP-based few-shot image classification, recent works have observed that, along with text embeddings, image embeddings from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Dipam Goswami , Simone Magistri , Gido M. van de Ven , Bartłomiej Twardowski , Andrew D. Bagdanov , Tinne Tuytelaars , Joost van de Weijer

Contrastive Language-Image Pre-Training (CLIP) is a popular method for learning multimodal latent spaces with well-organized semantics. Despite its wide range of applications, CLIP's latent space is known to fail at handling complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Raphi Kang , Yue Song , Georgia Gkioxari , Pietro Perona

Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training (CLIP), a simple yet effective pre-training paradigm, successfully introduces text supervision to vision models. It has shown promising results across various tasks due to its generalizability and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Zihao Zhao , Yuxiao Liu , Han Wu , Mei Wang , Yonghao Li , Sheng Wang , Lin Teng , Disheng Liu , Zhiming Cui , Qian Wang , Dinggang Shen

Cross-modal alignment aims to map heterogeneous modalities into a shared latent space, as exemplified by models like CLIP, which benefit from large-scale image-text pretraining for strong recognition capabilities. However, when operating in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Jiaxiang Liu , Yuan Wang , Jiawei Du , Joey Tianyi Zhou , Mingkun Xu , Zuozhu Liu

Recent research has shown that contrastive vision-language models such as CLIP often lack fine-grained understanding of visual content. While a growing body of work has sought to address this limitation, we identify a distinct failure mode…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Oscar Chew , Hsiao-Ying Huang , Kunal Jain , Tai-I Chen , Khoa D Doan , Kuan-Hao Huang

Vision-language models (VLMs) allow to embed texts and images in a shared representation space. However, it has been shown that these models are subject to a modality gap phenomenon meaning there exists a clear separation between the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-07 François Role , Sébastien Meyer , Victor Amblard

Large-scale language-vision pre-training models, such as CLIP, have achieved remarkable text-guided image morphing results by leveraging several unconditional generative models. However, existing CLIP-guided image morphing methods encounter…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Yeongtak Oh , Saehyung Lee , Uiwon Hwang , Sungroh Yoon

In multimodal learning, CLIP has been recognized as the \textit{de facto} method for learning a shared latent space across multiple modalities, placing similar representations close to each other and moving them away from dissimilar ones.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Eleonora Grassucci , Giordano Cicchetti , Emanuele Frasca , Aurelio Uncini , Danilo Comminiello

Currently, the most dominant approach to establishing language-image alignment is to pre-train text and image encoders jointly through contrastive learning, such as CLIP and its variants. In this work, we question whether such a costly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Jingfeng Yang , Ziyang Wu , Yue Zhao , Yi Ma

Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training (CLIP) has become a foundation model and has been applied to various vision and multimodal tasks. However, recent works indicate that CLIP falls short in distinguishing detailed differences in images…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Yinqi Li , Jiahe Zhao , Hong Chang , Ruibing Hou , Shiguang Shan , Xilin Chen

In rapidly evolving field of vision-language models (VLMs), contrastive language-image pre-training (CLIP) has made significant strides, becoming foundation for various downstream tasks. However, relying on one-to-one (image, text)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Haicheng Wang , Chen Ju , Weixiong Lin , Shuai Xiao , Mengting Chen , Yixuan Huang , Chang Liu , Mingshuai Yao , Jinsong Lan , Ying Chen , Qingwen Liu , Yanfeng Wang

Contrastive Language-Image Pretraining (CLIP) performs zero-shot image classification by mapping images and textual class representation into a shared embedding space, then retrieving the class closest to the image. This work provides a new…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Fawaz Sammani , Nikos Deligiannis

Large-scale natural image-text datasets, especially those automatically collected from the web, often suffer from loose semantic alignment due to weak supervision, while medical datasets tend to have high cross-modal correlation but low…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Shengzhu Yang , Jiawei Du , Shuai Lu , Weihang Zhang , Ningli Wang , Huiqi Li