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Code embeddings are essential for semantic code search; however, current approaches often struggle to capture the precise syntactic and contextual nuances inherent in code. Open-source models such as CodeBERT and UniXcoder exhibit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Saumya Chaturvedi , Aman Chadha , Laurent Bindschaedler

Despite the success of the monolithic dense paradigm of large language models (LLMs), the LoRA adapters offer an efficient solution by fine-tuning small task-specific modules and merging them with the base model. However, in multi-task…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Zhan Su , Fengran Mo , Guojun Liang , Jinghan Zhang , Bingbing Wen , Prayag Tiwari , Jian-Yun Nie

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning methods like Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) have become essential for deploying large language models, yet their static parameter allocation remains suboptimal for inputs of varying complexity. We present…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Zongqian Li , Yixuan Su , Han Zhou , Zihao Fu , Nigel Collier

With the proliferation of large pre-trained language models (PLMs), fine-tuning all model parameters becomes increasingly inefficient, particularly when dealing with numerous downstream tasks that entail substantial training and storage…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Nadav Benedek , Lior Wolf

We introduce PHLoRA (Pronounced "flora"). (Post-hoc LoRA), a simple yet powerful method to extract low-rank adaptation adapters from full-rank fine-tuned models without requiring access to training data or gradients. By computing the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Bhoomit Vasani , Jack FitzGerald , Anjie Fang , Sushmit Vaish

With the breakthrough of Transformer-based pre-trained models, the demand for fine-tuning (FT) to adapt the base pre-trained models to downstream applications continues to grow, so it is essential for service providers to reduce the cost of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Sheng Lin , Fangcheng Fu , Haoyang Li , Hao Ge , Xuanyu Wang , Jiawen Niu , Yaofeng Tu , Bin Cui

The performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) on many tasks is greatly limited by the knowledge learned during pre-training and stored in the model's parameters. Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) is a popular and efficient training technique for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Sergey Pletenev , Maria Marina , Daniil Moskovskiy , Vasily Konovalov , Pavel Braslavski , Alexander Panchenko , Mikhail Salnikov

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) has gained popularity for fine-tuning large foundation models, leveraging low-rank matrices $\mathbf{A}$ and $\mathbf{B}$ to represent weight changes (i.e., $\Delta \mathbf{W} = \mathbf{B} \mathbf{A}$). This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Aochuan Chen , Jiashun Cheng , Zijing Liu , Ziqi Gao , Fugee Tsung , Yu Li , Jia Li

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) has emerged as one of the most effective, computationally tractable fine-tuning approaches for training Vision-Language Models (VLMs) and Large Language Models (LLMs). LoRA accomplishes this by freezing the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Nastaran Saadati , Zhanhong Jiang , Joshua R. Waite , Shreyan Ganguly , Aditya Balu , Chinmay Hegde , Soumik Sarkar

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) is an efficient fine-tuning method that has been extensively applied in areas such as natural language processing and computer vision. Existing LoRA fine-tuning approaches excel in static environments but struggle…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Xin Zhang , Liang Bai , Xian Yang , Jiye Liang

Weight-Decomposed Low-Rank Adaptation (DoRA) extends LoRA by decoupling weight magnitude from direction, but its forward pass requires the row-wise norm of W + sBA, a computation that every major framework we surveyed implements by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Alexandra Zelenin , Alexandra Zhuravlyova

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) is a popular method for tailoring pre-trained large language models (LLMs), especially as the models' scale and the diversity of tasks increase. Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) is based on the idea that the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Pengjie Ren , Chengshun Shi , Shiguang Wu , Mengqi Zhang , Zhaochun Ren , Maarten de Rijke , Zhumin Chen , Jiahuan Pei

We introduce Vision as LoRA (VoRA), a novel paradigm for transforming an LLM into an MLLM. Unlike prevalent MLLM architectures that rely on external vision modules for vision encoding, VoRA internalizes visual capabilities by integrating…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Han Wang , Yongjie Ye , Bingru Li , Yuxiang Nie , Jinghui Lu , Jingqun Tang , Yanjie Wang , Can Huang

Low-rank Adaptation (LoRA) has demonstrated remarkable capabilities for task specific fine-tuning. However, in scenarios that involve multiple tasks, training a separate LoRA model for each one results in considerable inefficiency in terms…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Yihua Shao , Minxi Yan , Yang Liu , Siyu Chen , Wenjie Chen , Xinwei Long , Ziyang Yan , Lei Li , Chenyu Zhang , Nicu Sebe , Hao Tang , Yan Wang , Hao Zhao , Mengzhu Wang , Jingcai Guo

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) aims to adapt pre-trained models to specific tasks using relatively small and domain-specific datasets. Among Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) methods, Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) stands out by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Yarui Cao , Kai Liu

Fine-tuning adapts a pre-trained model to downstream tasks using a small amount of labeled data. Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) is an efficient fine-tuning method that reduces memory and computation costs while often achieving performance close…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Ali Zindari , Rotem Mulayoff , Sebastian U. Stich

The growing number of parameters and computational demands of large language models (LLMs) present significant challenges for their efficient deployment. Recently, there is an increasing interest in quantizing weights to extremely low…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Cheng Zhang , Jeffrey T. H. Wong , Can Xiao , George A. Constantinides , Yiren Zhao

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) is a widely adopted parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) method for Large Language Models (LLMs), but it still incurs notable overhead and suffers from parameter interference in complex datasets. While recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Chunlin Tian , Xuyang Wei , Huanrong Liu , Zhijiang Guo , Li Li

As large language models (LLMs) have become increasingly compute and memory intensive, parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods are now a common strategy to fine-tune LLMs. A popular PEFT method is Low-Rank Adapters (LoRA), which adds…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-08 Damjan Kalajdzievski

Traditional parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods such as LoRA are tightly coupled with the base model architecture, which constrains their applicability across heterogeneous pretrained large language models (LLMs). To address this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Feifan Xia , Mingyang Liao , Yuyang Fang , Defang Li , Yantong Xie , Weikang Li , Yang Li , Deguo Xia , Jizhou Huang