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We introduce Directional Stimulus Prompting, a novel framework for guiding black-box large language models (LLMs) toward specific desired outputs. Instead of directly adjusting LLMs, our method employs a small tunable policy model (e.g.,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Zekun Li , Baolin Peng , Pengcheng He , Michel Galley , Jianfeng Gao , Xifeng Yan

Alignment of large language models (LLMs) with human preferences typically relies on supervised reward models or external judges that demand abundant annotations. However, in fields that rely on professional knowledge, such as medicine and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Yiyang Zhao , Huiyu Bai , Xuejiao Zhao

Large language models (LLMs) enable system builders today to create competent NLP systems through prompting, where they only need to describe the task in natural language and provide a few examples. However, in other ways, LLMs are a step…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Vijay Viswanathan , Chenyang Zhao , Amanda Bertsch , Tongshuang Wu , Graham Neubig

Pre-trained language models derive substantial linguistic and factual knowledge from the massive corpora on which they are trained, and prompt engineering seeks to align these models to specific tasks. Unfortunately, existing prompt…

Length control in Large Language Models (LLMs) is a crucial but under-addressed challenge, with applications ranging from voice interfaces requiring concise responses to research summaries needing comprehensive outputs. Current approaches…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Adewale Akinfaderin , Shreyas Subramanian , Akarsha Sehwag

In the past year, large language models (LLMs) have had remarkable success in domains outside the traditional natural language processing, and their capacity is further expanded into the so-called LLM agents when connected with external…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Weizhe Chen , Sven Koenig , Bistra Dilkina

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance on many tasks. However, to achieve optimal performance, specially designed prompting methods are still needed. These methods either rely on task-specific few-shot…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Haoxiang Guan , Jiyan He , Shuxin Zheng , En-Hong Chen , Weiming Zhang , Nenghai Yu

This is the first of a series of short reports that seek to help business, education, and policy leaders understand the technical details of working with AI through rigorous testing. In this report, we demonstrate two things: - There is no…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Lennart Meincke , Ethan Mollick , Lilach Mollick , Dan Shapiro

Prompt engineering is a new paradigm for enhancing the performance of trained neural network models. For optimizing text-style prompts, existing methods usually individually operate small portions of a text step by step, which either breaks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Yujian Betterest Li , Kai Wu

Large language models (LLMs) have been proposed as scalable tools to address the gap between the importance of individualized written feedback and the practical challenges of providing it at scale. However, concerns persist regarding the…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2025-11-12 Niklas Ippisch , Markus Herklotz , Anna-Carolina Haensch , Carsten Schwemmer

Large language models (LLMs) have created new opportunities to assist teachers and support student learning. While researchers have explored various prompt engineering approaches in educational contexts, the degree to which these approaches…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Clayton Cohn , Ashwin T S , Naveeduddin Mohammed , Gautam Biswas

Automatic prompt optimization is an important approach to improving the performance of large language models (LLMs). Recent research demonstrates the potential of using LLMs as prompt optimizers, which can generate improved task prompts via…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Xinyu Tang , Xiaolei Wang , Wayne Xin Zhao , Siyuan Lu , Yaliang Li , Ji-Rong Wen

The performance of large language models (LLMs) is significantly influenced by the quality of the prompts provided. In response, researchers have developed enormous prompt engineering strategies aimed at modifying the prompt text to enhance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Zhiyuan He , Huiqiang Jiang , Zilong Wang , Yuqing Yang , Luna Qiu , Lili Qiu

The performance of pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs) is often sensitive to nuances in prompt templates, requiring careful prompt engineering, adding costs in terms of computing and human effort. In this study, we present experiments…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Liang Cheng , Tianyi LI , Zhaowei Wang , Mark Steedman

Prompting is a mainstream paradigm for adapting large language models to specific natural language processing tasks without modifying internal parameters. Therefore, detailed supplementary knowledge needs to be integrated into external…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Kaiyan Chang , Songcheng Xu , Chenglong Wang , Yingfeng Luo , Xiaoqian Liu , Tong Xiao , Jingbo Zhu

Emotional intelligence significantly impacts our daily behaviors and interactions. Although Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly viewed as a stride toward artificial general intelligence, exhibiting impressive performance in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Cheng Li , Jindong Wang , Yixuan Zhang , Kaijie Zhu , Wenxin Hou , Jianxun Lian , Fang Luo , Qiang Yang , Xing Xie

Deploying language models (LMs) in customer-facing speech applications requires conversational fluency and adherence to specific stylistic guidelines. This can be challenging to achieve reliably using complex system prompts due to issues…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Ingo Marquardt , Philippe Brule

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable proficiency in addressing a diverse array of tasks within the Natural Language Processing (NLP) domain, with various prompt design strategies significantly augmenting their capabilities.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Xiangyu Zhao , Chengqian Ma

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) is a powerful approach for enhancing the factual grounding of language models by integrating external knowledge. While widely studied for large language models, the optimization of RAG for Small Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Amir Hossein Mohammadi , Ali Moeinian , Zahra Razavizade , Afsaneh Fatemi , Reza Ramezani

Prompt-tuning has emerged as a promising method for adapting pre-trained models to downstream tasks or aligning with human preferences. Prompt learning is widely used in NLP but has limited applicability to RL due to the complex physical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Shengchao Hu , Li Shen , Ya Zhang , Dacheng Tao