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Autonomous LLM agents operate as long-running processes with persistent workspaces, memory files, scheduled task state, and messaging integrations. These features create a new propagation risk: attacker-influenced content can be written…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Mingming Zha , Xiaofeng Wang

Autonomous Large Language Model (LLM) agents, exemplified by OpenClaw, demonstrate remarkable capabilities in executing complex, long-horizon tasks. However, their tightly coupled instant-messaging interaction paradigm and high-privilege…

Autonomous agent frameworks built upon large language models (LLMs) are evolving into complex, tool-integrated, and continuously operating systems, introducing security risks beyond traditional prompt-level vulnerabilities. As this paradigm…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Luyao Xu , Xiang Chen

The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) into autonomous, tool-calling agents has fundamentally altered the cybersecurity landscape. Frameworks like OpenClaw grant AI systems operating-system-level permissions and the autonomy to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Zonghao Ying , Xiao Yang , Siyang Wu , Yumeng Song , Yang Qu , Hainan Li , Tianlin Li , Jiakai Wang , Aishan Liu , Xianglong Liu

Personal AI agents like OpenClaw run with elevated privileges on users' local machines, where a single successful prompt injection can leak credentials, redirect financial transactions, or destroy files. This threat goes well beyond…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Bowen Wei , Yunbei Zhang , Jinhao Pan , Kai Mei , Xiao Wang , Jihun Hamm , Ziwei Zhu , Yingqiang Ge

The rapid evolution of large language model (LLM)-driven autonomous agents has given rise to OpenClaw, a new class of open-source agent frameworks that operate as continuously running, skill-augmented systems with persistent memory,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yuntao Wang , Jianle Ba , Han Liu , Yanghe Pan , Jintao Wei , Zhou Su , Tom H. Luan , Linkang Du

AI agent frameworks connecting large language model (LLM) reasoning to host execution surfaces -- shell, filesystem, containers, and messaging -- introduce security challenges structurally distinct from conventional software. We present a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Surada Suwansathit , Yuxuan Zhang , Guofei Gu

Autonomous agents based on large language models (LLMs) are rapidly emerging as a general-purpose technology, with recent systems such as OpenClaw extending their capabilities through broad tool use, third-party skills, and deeper…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Lukas Pirch , Micha Horlboge , Patrick Großmann , Syeda Mahnur Asif , Klim Kireev , Thorsten Holz , Konrad Rieck

LLM-based multi-agent systems (MASs) are transforming personal productivity by autonomously executing complex, cross-platform tasks. Frameworks such as OpenClaw demonstrate the potential of locally deployed agents integrated with personal…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Haoyu Wang , Zibo Xiao , Yedi Zhang , Christopher M. Poskitt , Jun Sun

Self-evolving LLM agents update their internal state across sessions, often by writing and reusing long-term memory. This design improves performance on long-horizon tasks but creates a security risk: untrusted external content observed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Xianglin Yang , Yufei He , Shuo Ji , Bryan Hooi , Jin Song Dong

Tool-augmented Large Language Model (LLM) agents have demonstrated impressive capabilities in automating complex, multi-step real-world tasks, yet remain vulnerable to indirect prompt injection. Adversaries exploit this weakness by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Wei Zhao , Zhe Li , Peixin Zhang , Jun Sun

Large language model (LLM) agents execute tasks through multi-step workflows that combine planning, memory, and tool use. While this design enables autonomy, it also expands the attack surface for backdoor threats. Backdoor triggers…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Yunhao Feng , Yige Li , Yutao Wu , Yingshui Tan , Yanming Guo , Yifan Ding , Kun Zhai , Xingjun Ma , Yu-Gang Jiang

Open agentic systems combine LLM-based planning with external capabilities, persistent memory, and privileged execution. They are used in coding assistants, browser copilots, and enterprise automation. OpenClaw is a visible instance of this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Shiping Chen , Qin Wang , Guangsheng Yu , Xu Wang , Liming Zhu

As autonomous agents (e.g., OpenClaw) increasingly operate with deep system-level privileges to execute complex tasks, they introduce severe, unmitigated security risks. Current vulnerability analyses overwhelmingly focus on single-turn,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Jianan Ma , Xiaohu Du , Ruixiao Lin , Yaoxiang Bian , Jialuo Chen , Jingyi Wang , Xiaofang Yang , Shiwen Cui , Changhua Meng , Xinhao Deng , Zhen Wang

OpenClaw has rapidly established itself as a leading open-source autonomous agent runtime, offering powerful capabilities including tool integration, local file access, and shell command execution. However, these broad operational…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Songyang Liu , Chaozhuo Li , Chenxu Wang , Jinyu Hou , Zejian Chen , Litian Zhang , Zheng Liu , Qiwei Ye , Yiming Hei , Xi Zhang , Zhongyuan Wang

The rapid adoption of Large Language Model (LLM) agents and multi-agent systems enables remarkable capabilities in natural language processing and generation. However, these systems introduce security vulnerabilities that extend beyond…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Matteo Lupinacci , Francesco Aurelio Pironti , Francesco Blefari , Francesco Romeo , Luigi Arena , Angelo Furfaro

LLM-based agents are increasingly used for cybersecurity tasks, but most existing systems rely on fixed, human-designed scaffolds that struggle to adapt across diverse targets and failure modes. We introduce \textsc{CyberEvolver}, a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Yihe Fan , Changyi Li , Lichen Xu , Xudong Pan , Jiarun Dai , Hong Geng , Min Yang

Autonomous AI agents extend large language models into full runtime systems that load skills, ingest external content, maintain memory, plan multi-step actions, and invoke privileged tools. In such systems, security failures rarely remain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Yixiang Zhang , Xinhao Deng , Jiaqing Wu , Yue Xiao , Ke Xu , Qi Li

Recently, autonomous agents built on large language models (LLMs) have experienced significant development and are being deployed in real-world applications. These agents can extend the base LLM's capabilities in multiple ways. For example,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Boyang Zhang , Yicong Tan , Yun Shen , Ahmed Salem , Michael Backes , Savvas Zannettou , Yang Zhang

Large language model (LLM) agents have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in software engineering and cybersecurity tasks, including code generation, vulnerability discovery, and automated testing. One critical but underexplored…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Bin Liu , Yanjie Zhao , Guoai Xu , Haoyu Wang
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