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Recent work has demonstrated that machine unlearning in Large Language Models (LLMs) fails to generalize across languages: knowledge erased in one language frequently remains accessible through others. However, the underlying cause of this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Taoran Li , Varun Chandrasekaran , Zhiyuan Yu

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in tasks such as retrieval and question answering but require updates to incorporate new knowledge and reduce inaccuracies and hallucinations. Traditional updating methods, like fine-tuning and incremental…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Yifan Wei , Xiaoyan Yu , Ran Song , Hao Peng , Angsheng Li

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) achieve strong performance through instruction tuning, but real-world deployment requires them to continually expand their capabilities, making Multimodal Continual Instruction Tuning (MCIT)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Zhen-Hao Xie , Jun-Tao Tang , Yu-Cheng Shi , Han-Jia Ye , De-Chuan Zhan , Da-Wei Zhou

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) often fail to transfer safety capabilities learned in the text modality to semantically equivalent non-text inputs, revealing a persistent multimodal safety gap. We study this gap from a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Jiahe Guo , Xiangran Guo , Jiaxuan Chen , Weixiang Zhao , Yanyan Zhao , Yutai Hou , Qianchao Wang , Dandan Tu , Bing Qin

Large language models (LLMs) can make predictions using parametric knowledge--knowledge encoded in the model weights--or contextual knowledge--knowledge presented in the context. In many scenarios, a desirable behavior is that LLMs give…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Yingfa Chen , Zhengyan Zhang , Xu Han , Chaojun Xiao , Zhiyuan Liu , Chen Chen , Kuai Li , Tao Yang , Maosong Sun

Recent research has highlighted the importance of dataset size in scaling language models. However, large language models (LLMs) are notoriously token-hungry during pre-training, and high-quality text data on the web is approaching its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Fuzhao Xue , Yao Fu , Wangchunshu Zhou , Zangwei Zheng , Yang You

Knowledge editing and machine unlearning are two popular approaches for large language models (LLMs) to stay up-to-date. However, the knowledge updating mechanism of LLMs remains largely unexplored due to insufficient, isolated, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Yinyi Luo , Zhexian Zhou , Hao Chen , Kai Qiu , Marios Savvides , Sharon Li , Jindong Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit strong general language capabilities. However, fine-tuning these models on domain-specific tasks often leads to catastrophic forgetting, where the model overwrites or loses essential knowledge acquired…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Shezheng Song , Hao Xu , Jun Ma , Shasha Li , Long Peng , Qian Wan , Xiaodong Liu , Jie Yu

Label-free reinforcement learning enables large language models to improve reasoning capabilities without ground-truth supervision, typically by treating majority-voted answers as pseudo-labels. However, we identify a critical failure mode:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Teng Pan , Yuchen Yan , Zixuan Wang , Ruiqing Zhang , Guiyang Hou , Wenqi Zhang , Weiming Lu , Jun Xiao , Yongliang Shen

Continual post-training aims to extend large language models (LLMs) with new knowledge, skills, and behaviors, yet it remains unclear when sequential updates enable capability transfer and when they cause catastrophic forgetting. Existing…

Self-supervised learning allows AI systems to learn effective representations from large amounts of data using tasks that do not require costly labeling. Mode collapse, i.e., the model producing identical representations for all inputs, is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-19 Serdar Ozsoy , Shadi Hamdan , Sercan Ö. Arik , Deniz Yuret , Alper T. Erdogan

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly require mechanisms for continual adaptation without full retraining. However, sequential updates can lead to catastrophic forgetting, where new edits degrade previously acquired knowledge. This work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 William Hoy , Nurcin Celik

Large Language Models (LLMs) encounter significant challenges in continual learning due to catastrophic forgetting, where new information overwrites previously acquired knowledge. This limitation leads to substantial environmental and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Min Jae Jung , JooHee Kim

Model editing is a technique that edits the large language models (LLMs) with updated knowledge to alleviate hallucinations without resource-intensive retraining. While current model editing methods can effectively modify a model's behavior…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Jia-Chen Gu , Hao-Xiang Xu , Jun-Yu Ma , Pan Lu , Zhen-Hua Ling , Kai-Wei Chang , Nanyun Peng

Although large language models (LLMs) perform well in general tasks, domain-specific applications suffer from hallucinations and accuracy limitations. Continual Pre-Training (CPT) approaches encounter two key issues: (1) domain-biased data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Jingxue Chen , Qingkun Tang , Qianchun Lu , Siyuan Fang

Post-training alignment of large language models (LLMs) relies on large-scale human annotations guided by policy specifications that change over time. Cultural shifts, value reinterpretations, and regulatory or industrial updates make…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Aakash Sen Sharma , Debdeep Sanyal , Manodeep Ray , Vivek Srivastava , Shirish Karande , Murari Mandal

Open-domain semantic parsing remains a challenging task, as neural models often rely on heuristics and struggle to handle unseen concepts. In this paper, we investigate the potential of large language models (LLMs) for this task and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Xiao Zhang , Qianru Meng , Johan Bos

Large language models (LLMs) can effectively handle outdated information through knowledge editing. However, current approaches face two key limitations: (I) Poor generalization: Most approaches rigidly inject new knowledge without ensuring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Jinhu Fu , Yan Bai , Longzhu He , Yihang Lou , Yanxiao Zhao , Li Sun , Sen Su

Reinforcement learning with verifiable reward (RLVR) has been instrumental in eliciting strong reasoning capabilities from large language models (LLMs) via long chains of thought (CoT). During RLVR training, we formalize and systemically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Cheonbok Park , Jeonghoon Kim , Joosung Lee , Sanghwan Bae , Jaegul Choo , Kang Min Yoo

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly improved the field of Document AI, demonstrating remarkable performance on document understanding tasks such as question answering. However, existing approaches primarily…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Gyuho Shim , Seongtae Hong , Heuiseok Lim