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Related papers: Grokking as a Variance-Limited Phase Transition: S…

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Grokking -- the sudden generalisation that appears long after a model has perfectly memorised its training data -- has been widely observed but lacks a quantitative theory explaining the length of the delay. We show that grokking is a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Truong Xuan Khanh , Truong Quynh Hoa , Luu Duc Trung , Phan Thanh Duc

Understanding neural network's (NN) generalizability remains a central question in deep learning research. The special phenomenon of grokking, where NNs abruptly generalize long after the training performance reaches a near-perfect level,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Xiaotian Zhang , Yue Shang , Entao Yang , Ge Zhang

This paper investigates the impact of different optimizers on the grokking phenomenon, where models exhibit delayed generalization. We conducted experiments across seven numerical tasks (primarily modular arithmetic) using a modern…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Amund Tveit , Bjørn Remseth , Arve Skogvold

Grokking, the sudden generalization that occurs after prolonged overfitting, is a surprising phenomenon challenging our understanding of deep learning. Although significant progress has been made in understanding grokking, the reasons…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Lucas Prieto , Melih Barsbey , Pedro A. M. Mediano , Tolga Birdal

Grokking the delayed transition from memorization to generalization in neural networks remains poorly understood, in part because prior empirical studies confound the roles of architecture, optimization, and regularization. We present a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Shalima Binta Manir , Anamika Paul Rupa

Grokking - the delayed transition from memorisation to generalisation in neural networks - remains poorly understood. We study this phenomenon through the geometry of learned representations and identify a consistent empirical signature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Truong Xuan Khanh , Truong Quynh Hoa , Luu Duc Trung , Phan Thanh Duc

Grokking is a puzzling phenomenon in neural networks where full generalization occurs only after a substantial delay following the complete memorization of the training data. Previous research has linked this delayed generalization to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Tiberiu Musat

Grokking, a delayed generalization in neural networks after perfect training performance, has been observed in Transformers and MLPs, but the components driving it remain underexplored. We show that embeddings are central to grokking:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 H. V. AlquBoj , Hilal AlQuabeh , Velibor Bojkovic , Munachiso Nwadike , Kentaro Inui

Grokking -- the abrupt transition from memorization to generalization long after near-zero training loss -- has been studied mainly in single-task settings. We extend geometric analysis to multi-task modular arithmetic, training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Yongzhong Xu

Neural network grokking -- the abrupt memorization-to-generalization transition -- challenges our understanding of learning dynamics. Through finite-size scaling of gradient avalanche dynamics across eight model scales, we find that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Ping Wang

Grokking refers to delayed generalization in which the increase in test accuracy of a neural network occurs appreciably after the improvement in training accuracy This paper introduces several practical metrics including variance under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Ahmed Salah , David Yevick

Grokking -- the delayed transition from memorization to generalization in small algorithmic tasks -- remains poorly understood. We present a geometric analysis of optimization dynamics in transformers trained on modular arithmetic. PCA of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Yongzhong Xu

We investigate the phenomenon of grokking -- delayed generalization accompanied by non-monotonic test loss behavior -- in a simple binary logistic classification task, for which "memorizing" and "generalizing" solutions can be strictly…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-07-22 Alon Beck , Noam Levi , Yohai Bar-Sinai

Grokking occurs when a model achieves high training accuracy but generalization to unseen test points happens long after that. This phenomenon was initially observed on a class of algebraic problems, such as learning modular arithmetic…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-02 Marcel Tomàs Bernal , Neil Rohit Mallinar , Mikhail Belkin

Grokking, the phenomenon of delayed generalization, is often attributed to the depth and compositional structure of deep neural networks. We study grokking in one of the simplest possible settings: the learning of a linear model with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Nataraj Das , Atreya Vedantam , Chandrashekar Lakshminarayanan

Grokking, or delayed generalization, is a phenomenon where generalization in a deep neural network (DNN) occurs long after achieving near zero training error. Previous studies have reported the occurrence of grokking in specific controlled…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Ahmed Imtiaz Humayun , Randall Balestriero , Richard Baraniuk

We demonstrate the existence of a complexity phase transition in neural networks by studying the grokking phenomenon, where networks suddenly transition from memorization to generalization long after overfitting their training data. To…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Branton DeMoss , Silvia Sapora , Jakob Foerster , Nick Hawes , Ingmar Posner

Grokking, the sudden transition from memorization to generalization, is characterized by the emergence of low-dimensional representations, yet the mechanism underlying this organization remains elusive. We propose that intrinsic task…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Hyeonbin Hwang , Yeachan Park

One of the most surprising puzzles in neural network generalisation is grokking: a network with perfect training accuracy but poor generalisation will, upon further training, transition to perfect generalisation. We propose that grokking…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Vikrant Varma , Rohin Shah , Zachary Kenton , János Kramár , Ramana Kumar

Mechanistic interpretability typically relies on post-hoc analysis of trained networks. We instead adopt an interventional approach: testing hypotheses a priori by modifying architectural topology to observe training dynamics. We study…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Alper Yıldırım
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